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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ17.260</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-1018</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ПОВЕДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BEHAVIORAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Когнитивные способности животных (рассудочная деятельность) в свете генетических представлений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Animal cognition (reasoning) in the light of genetic ideas</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полетаева</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poletaeva</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>биологический факультет</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Biology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ingapoletaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перепелкина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Perepelkina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>биологический факультет</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Biology</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зорина</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zorina</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>биологический факультет</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Biology</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>421</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Полетаева И.И., Перепелкина О.В., Зорина З.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Полетаева И.И., Перепелкина О.В., Зорина З.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poletaeva I.I., Perepelkina O.V., Zorina Z.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1018">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1018</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье кратко описана история генетических исследований в лаборатории, созданной Л.В. Крушинским в МГУ. Л.В. Крушинский выдвинул концепцию, согласно которой поведение животного складывается из трех компонентов. Он утверждал, что оно формируется на основе врожденных видоспецифических реакций, способности к обучению и элементарной рассудочной деятельности (т. е. способности к элементарным логическим операциям). Первоначально идеи Крушинского не встретили поддержки, хотя они нашли понимание у Д.К. Беляева и Б.Л. Астаурова. В лаборатории Л.В. Крушинского была сделана попытка генетического исследования признака «способность к экстраполяции ». Эту способность обнаруживает не имеющее аналогичного опыта животное, когда оно находит приманку, которая, двигаясь, исчезла из поля зрения. На основе гибридной популяции крыс (пасюк × лабораторная крыса) был начат отбор на высокие показатели этого признака. Решение этой задачи в исходной гибридной популяции было статистически достоверным, однако крысы последующих поколений селекции стали обнаруживать настолько высокий уровень тревожности (несмотря на интенсивное приручение), что эксперимент продолжить не удалось. Позднее на основе генетически гетерогенной популяции мышей был начат другой селекционный эксперимент. Селекцию проводили одновременно на два признака: высокие показатели решения задачи на экстраполяцию и против проявлений тревожности в этом тесте. В целом ответ на отбор был слабым – в начальных поколениях селекции мыши этой линии (ЭКС) решали задачу несколько лучше, чем контрольные неселектированные животные, но в более поздних поколениях картина стала нестабильной. Полученные при этом данные свидетельствуют, что существует тесная связь между способностью мыши к решению когнитивного теста и процессами, определяющими тревожность, которая, в свою очередь, представляется неоднородной по своей природе и механизмам. Результаты экспериментов, проводимых на основе подходов классической генетики, в настоящее время можно сопоставлять с данными по роли отдельных генов, участвующих в формировании и функции сложных нервных сетей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The historical overview is presented of genetic experiments in L.V. Krushinsky’s laboratory in Moscow State University. L.V. Krushinsky stated the three-component concept of animal behavior. He claimed that animal behavior has not only innate species specific behavior and the learning ability, but should be supplemented by another mental category, reasoning the ability for elementary logic operarions. Being rather lonesome at the beginning, Krushinsky got the spiritual support from D.K. Belyaev and B.L. Astaurov. The attempt to study the genetic bases of reasoning ability was performed in Krushinsky’s lab using the trait “extrapolation problem solving”, which meant the ability of an unexperienced naïve animal to find the food bait when it moved aside and disappeared from (not “in”) the view. The selection for high scores of this trait in the hybrid rat population (Norway rat × laboratory strain cross) was started. Initially the hybrid rats solved this problem in the statistically significant proportions, while the animals from further selection generations demonstrated the dramatic increase of anxiety (in spite of extensive handling of these animals), which made further experiments impossible. Much later another selection experiment started in which mice of a genetically heterogeneous population were selected for high scores of extrapolation problem and concomitantly for the lack-ofanxiety signs during the testing procedure. This selection for a cognitive trait produced some positive results, although the direct response to selection was very weak. The data obtained show the intricate connection between the mouse ability to solve the problem and the processes of anxiety, which in turn looks as non-uniform by its nature and mechanisms. The data from experiments performed in classical genetics should be combined with the new knowledge concerning the role of single genes determining animal behavior.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поведение животных</kwd><kwd>когнитивные тесты</kwd><kwd>селекция</kwd><kwd>тревожность</kwd><kwd>крысы</kwd><kwd>мыши</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>animal behavior</kwd><kwd>cognitive tests</kwd><kwd>selection</kwd><kwd>anxiety</kwd><kwd>rats</kwd><kwd>mice.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen B.D., Singer A.C., Boyden E.S. Principles of designing interpretable optogenetic behavior experiments. Learn. Mem. 2015;22:232-238. DOI 10.1101/lm.038026.114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen B.D., Singer A.C., Boyden E.S. Principles of designing interpretable optogenetic behavior experiments. Learn. 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