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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ17.264</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-1027</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Эволюционная генетика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Evolutionary genetics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфометрия и эволюция: проблема пересечения крутых фенотипических ландшафтов прямыми путями</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphometrics and evolution: the challenge of crossing rugged phenotypic landscapes with straight paths</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полли</surname><given-names>П. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polly</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Отделения наук о Земле и атмосфере, биологии и антропологии</p><p>Блумингтон, Индиана, 47405 США</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Departments of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Biology, and Anthropology</p><p>Bloomington, IN 47405 USA</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pdpolly@indiana.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Индианский университет<country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Indiana University<country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>452</fpage><lpage>461</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Полли П.Д., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Полли П.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Polly P.D.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1027">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1027</self-uri><abstract><p>Для изучения основополагающих факторов фенотипической эволюции и для реконструкции эволюционной истории фенотипов широко применяются методы геометрической морфометрии. Однако фенотипические ландшафты могут быть нелинейными настолько, что аналитические решения, полученные путем сравнения фенотипов в морфопространстве, будут иметь сложные или даже противоречивые взаимоотношения в пространстве факторов, определяющих эти фенотипы. Иллюстрацией того, как на основании математических свойств геометрических морфопространств получаются совершенно невероятные с точки зрения биологии результаты, служит реконструкция родословной морфологии рогов копытных млекопитающих. На модели Раупа, описывающей спиральность раковин, показано, что результаты реконструкции предковых форм в параметрических пространствах (таких как уровни экспрессии генов или частоты встречаемости аллелей) могут войти в противоречие с результатами реконструкции в пространствах форм (таких как фенотипические морфопространства). Приведенные примеры в полной мере относятся к морфометрическим исследованиям ныне существующих живых объектов, а значит, формулируя выводы о генетических, онтогенетических или экологических процессах на основании данных морфометрического анализа, надо соблюдать определенную осторожность. Плотное покрытие пространства форм и использование полностью многомерных и, возможно, нелинейных методов могут помочь предотвратить потенциальные проблемы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Geometric morphometrics is widely used to study underlying causal factors in phenotypic evolution and to reconstruct evolutionary history of phenotypes. However, non-linearities in the phenotypic landscape may exist such that analytical solutions derived from comparison of phenotypes in morphospace may have complex or contradictory relationships in the space of the underlying factors. Ancestral reconstruction of horn morphology based on two mammalian ungulates illustrates how biologically improbable results can arise from the mathematical properties of geometric morphometric morphospaces. Raup’s shell coiling equations are used to illustrate the potential for contradictory conclusions to be drawn from ancestral reconstructions in parameter spaces (such as measurements of levels of gene expression or allele frequencies) versus shape spaces (such as morphospaces based on phenotypic analysis). These examples are generalizable to many real morphometric studies, suggesting that care should be taken when drawing conclusions about genetic, developmental, or environmental processes based on morphometric analyses. Dense sampling of shape space and the use of fully multivariate and, perhaps, nonlinear methods can help forestall potential problems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>геометрическая морфометрия</kwd><kwd>раковины моллюсков</kwd><kwd>эволюция фенотипов</kwd><kwd>сравнительные методы филогенетики</kwd><kwd>полуметки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>geometric morphometrics</kwd><kwd>mollusc shells</kwd><kwd>phenotypic evolution</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic comparative methods</kwd><kwd>semilandmarks</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams D.C., Rohlf F.J., Slice D.E. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the ‘revolution’. Italian J. Zool. 2004;71:5-16. DOI 10.1080/11250000409356545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams D.C., Rohlf F.J., Slice D.E. 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