References

vavilov

Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding

2500-3259

Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS

10.18699/VJ17.266

vavilov-1029

Research Article

Генетика животных

Animal genetics

Проблема сохранения генофондов доместицированных животных

The problem of conservation of gene pools of domesticated animals

Столповский

Ю. А.

Stolpovskiy

Yu. A.

stolpovsky@mail.ru

Захаров-Гезехус

И. А.

Zakharov-Gezekhus

I. A.

Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наукРоссияVavilov Institute of General Genetics RASRussian Federation

2017

27072017

214477486

2017

Столповский Ю.А., Захаров-Гезехус И.А.

Stolpovskiy Y.A., Zakharov-Gezekhus I.A.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1029

Рассмотрены принципы и методы сохранения генофондов пород домашних животных. В мире под угрозой исчезновения находится 17 % пород. Аргументами в пользу сохранения локальных пород являются: 1) экономические факторы, такие как изменения требований к качеству пищевых продуктов, изменения гигиенических и климатических условий (новые виды болезней, вакцины, изменения внешней среды), необходимость сохранить резерв для успешной селекции, возможность использовать местные породы в трудных экологических условиях; 2) научные факторы, в частности возможность изучения генофонда местных пород для реконструкции эволюции доместицированного вида (изучение локальных пород может вскрыть механизмы процессов эволюции, онтогенеза, поведения, естественного и искусственного отбора); 3) культурно-исторические факторы, связанные с тем, что аборигенные породы служат живыми памятниками традиционной культуры населения. Разведение породы возможно только при сохранении ее внутрии межпородного генетического разнообразия, которое можно выявить с помощью различных молекулярно-генетических методов. Приведены примеры использования новых генетических технологий при сохранении локальных пород двух доместицированных видов: овец (Ovis aries) и крупного рогатого скота (Bos taurus). С помощью ISSR-фингерпринтинга (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) получены данные, которые позволили определить коэффициент генетической оригинальности, проанализировать популяционную структуру, определить сходства и различия, провести идентификацию и оценку консолидированности, чистопородности и генеалогических связей генофондов пород (внутрипородных групп). Среди пород одного вида или внутри одной породы можно выделять древние или наиболее отдалившиеся от «протогенофонда» группы животных и, соответственно, использовать эти данные в селекционной стратегии, направленной на сохранение форм животных, приближенных к предковой форме. Применение различных ДНК-маркеров, методов геномной и генной селекции в природоохранной и частной генетике доместицированных видов предоставляет возможность получить данные о генетическом потенциале (ценности, оригинальности) породы, что важно для научного обоснования ее сохранения.

In the paper the principles and methods of gene pools preservation of domestic animals breeds are explored. Currently 17 % of world species are under threat of extinction. The arguments in favor of preserving local breeds are: 1) economic factors, such as moderation of quality requirements for food products, moderation of hygienic and climatic conditions (new types of diseases, vaccines, changes in the external environment), necessity to keep a reserve for successful breeding, opportunity to use local breeds in harsh environmental conditions; 2) scientific factors, in particular, possibility of studying the gene pool of local breeds in order to reconstruct the evolution of domesticated species (exploring local breeds can reveal the mechanisms of the evolutionary processes, ontogeny, behavior patterns, natural and artificial selection); 3) cultural and historical factors related to the fact that native breeds represent living monuments of traditional culture of the population. Breeding is only possible while main-taining its inter- and interbreed genetic diversity, which can be identified through using various molecular genetic techniques. The examples of using new genetic technologies while preserving local breeds of two domesticated species are provided: sheep (Ovis aries) and cattle (Bos taurus). Using ISSR-fingerprinting (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) some data were obtained, allowing us to determine the coefficient of genetic originality, to analyze population structure, to uncover similarities and differences, to identify and evaluate consolidation, breed purity and genealogical relationships of gene pools in a number of species (inbreeding). Within breeds of the same species or within one species it is possible to spot the ancient or the most estranged from the “protogene pool” groups of animals and, thus, to use these data in the breeding strategy aimed at the preservation of animal forms close to the ancestral form. Using various DNA markers, methods of genomic and genetic breeding in nature conservation and genetic selection of domesticated species provides an opportunity to obtain data on the genetic potential (value, originality) of the breed, which is important for scientific justification of its preservation.

генофондпородаинбредная депрессияэффективная численностьгенетическое разнообразиеДНК-анализовцыкрупный рогатый скот

gene poolbreedinbreeding depressioneffective population sizegenetic diversityDNA analysissheepcattle

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.