vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ17.267vavilov-1030Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКАHUMAN GENETICSЭволюция альтруизмаThe evolution of altruismДугаткинЛ. А.DugatkinL. A.

отделение биологии

Луисвилл, Кентукки, 40241 США

Department of Biology

Louisville, Kentucky USA, 40241

lee.dugatkin@louisville.eduЛуисвиллский университетСоединённые Штаты АмерикиUniversity of LouisvilleUnited States201727072017214487491Copyright © Дугаткин Л.А., 20172017Дугаткин Л.А.Dugatkin L.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1030

С тех пор как Чарльз Дарвин опубликовал «Происхождение видов» в 1859 г., тема эволюции альтруизма была постоянным парадоксом для эволюционных биологов. В данном обзоре обсуждаются три пути, ведущие к эволюции альтруизма, – генетическое родство, взаимопомощь и групповой отбор. Я также представлю совсем недавнюю работу, в которой использовано моделирование социальной сети, для того чтобы пролить свет на эволюцию альтруизма.

Ever since Darwin published On The Origin of Species in 1859, the evolution of altruism has been a perennial paradox for evolutionary biologists. In this review, I will discuss three evolutionary paths to altruism – genetic relatedness, reciprocity, and group selection – and examine very recent work that uses social network modeling to help us better understand the evolution of altruism.

альтруизмгенетическое родствовзаимопомощьгрупповой отборэволюциятеория социальной сети.altruismgenetic relatednessreciprocitygroup selectionevolutionsocial network theoryReferencesAbbot P., Abe J., Alcock J., Alizon S., Alpedrinha J.A.C., Andersson M., Andre J.-B., van Baalen M., Balloux F., Balshine S., Barton N., Beukeboom L.W., Biernaskie J.M., Bilde T., Borgia G., Breed M., Brown S., Bshary R., Buckling A., Burley N.T., Burton- Chellew M.N., Cant M.A., Chapuisat M., Charnov E.L., Clutton- Brock T., Cockburn A., Cole B.J., Colegrave N., Cosmides L., Couzin I.D., Coyne J.A., Creel S., Crespi B., Curry R.L., Dall S.R.X., Day T., Dickinson J.L., Dugatkin L.A., El Mouden C., Emlen S.T., Evans J., Ferriere R., Field J., Foitzik S., Foster K., Foster W.A., Fox C.W., Gadau J., Gandon S., Gardner A., Gardner M.G., Getty T., Goodisman M.A.D., Grafen A., Grosberg R., Grozinger C.M., Gouyon P.-H., Gwynne D., Harvey P.H., Hatchwell B.J., Heinze J., Helantera H., Helms K.R., Hill K., Jiricny N., Johnstone R.A., Kacelnik A., Kiers E.T., Kokko H., Komdeur J., Korb J., Kronauer D., Kuemmerli R., Lehmann L., Linksvayer T.A., Lion S., Lyon B., Marshall J.A.R., McElreath R., Michalakis Y., Michod R.E., Mock D., Monnin T., Montgomerie R., Moore A.J., Mueller U.G., Noe R., Okasha S., Pamilo P., Parker G.A., Pedersen J.S., Pen I., Pfennig D., Queller D.C., Rankin D.J., Reece S.E., Reeve H.K., Reuter M., Roberts G., Robson S.K.A., Roze D., Rousset F., Rueppell O., Sachs J.L., Santorelli L., Schmid-Hempel P., Schwarz M.P., Scott- Phillips T., Shellmann-Sherman J., Sherman P.W., Shuker D.M., Smith J., Spagna J.C., Strassmann B., Suarez A.V., Sundstrom L., Taborsky M., Taylor P., Thompson G., Tooby J., Tsutsui N.D., Tsuji K., Turillazzi S., Ubeda F., Vargo E.L., Voelkl B., Wenseleers T., West S.A., West-Eberhard M.J., Westneat D.F., Wiernasz D.C., Wild G., Wrangham R., Young A.J., Zeh D.W., Zeh J.A., Zink A. Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality. Nature. 2010;471:E1-E4.Abbot P., Abe J., Alcock J., Alizon S., Alpedrinha J.A.C., Andersson M., Andre J.-B., van Baalen M., Balloux F., Balshine S., Barton N., Beukeboom L.W., Biernaskie J.M., Bilde T., Borgia G., Breed M., Brown S., Bshary R., Buckling A., Burley N.T., Burton- Chellew M.N., Cant M.A., Chapuisat M., Charnov E.L., Clutton- Brock T., Cockburn A., Cole B.J., Colegrave N., Cosmides L., Couzin I.D., Coyne J.A., Creel S., Crespi B., Curry R.L., Dall S.R.X., Day T., Dickinson J.L., Dugatkin L.A., El Mouden C., Emlen S.T., Evans J., Ferriere R., Field J., Foitzik S., Foster K., Foster W.A., Fox C.W., Gadau J., Gandon S., Gardner A., Gardner M.G., Getty T., Goodisman M.A.D., Grafen A., Grosberg R., Grozinger C.M., Gouyon P.-H., Gwynne D., Harvey P.H., Hatchwell B.J., Heinze J., Helantera H., Helms K.R., Hill K., Jiricny N., Johnstone R.A., Kacelnik A., Kiers E.T., Kokko H., Komdeur J., Korb J., Kronauer D., Kuemmerli R., Lehmann L., Linksvayer T.A., Lion S., Lyon B., Marshall J.A.R., McElreath R., Michalakis Y., Michod R.E., Mock D., Monnin T., Montgomerie R., Moore A.J., Mueller U.G., Noe R., Okasha S., Pamilo P., Parker G.A., Pedersen J.S., Pen I., Pfennig D., Queller D.C., Rankin D.J., Reece S.E., Reeve H.K., Reuter M., Roberts G., Robson S.K.A., Roze D., Rousset F., Rueppell O., Sachs J.L., Santorelli L., Schmid-Hempel P., Schwarz M.P., Scott- Phillips T., Shellmann-Sherman J., Sherman P.W., Shuker D.M., Smith J., Spagna J.C., Strassmann B., Suarez A.V., Sundstrom L., Taborsky M., Taylor P., Thompson G., Tooby J., Tsutsui N.D., Tsuji K., Turillazzi S., Ubeda F., Vargo E.L., Voelkl B., Wenseleers T., West S.A., West-Eberhard M.J., Westneat D.F., Wiernasz D.C., Wild G., Wrangham R., Young A.J., Zeh D.W., Zeh J.A., Zink A. Inclusive fitness theory and eusociality. Nature. 2010;471:E1-E4.Axelrod R. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984.Axelrod R. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984.Axelrod R., Hamilton W.D. The evolution of cooperation. Science. 1981;211:1390-1396.Axelrod R., Hamilton W.D. The evolution of cooperation. Science. 1981;211:1390-1396.Belyaev D.K. “I believe in the goodness of human nature”: A final interview with the late D.K. Belyaev. Voprosy Filosofii. 1986;4:93-94.Belyaev D.K. “I believe in the goodness of human nature”: A final interview with the late D.K. Belyaev. Voprosy Filosofii. 1986;4:93-94.Cahan S., Julian G.E. Fitness consequences of cooperative colony founding in the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor. Behav. Ecology. 1999;10:585-591.Cahan S., Julian G.E. Fitness consequences of cooperative colony founding in the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor. Behav. Ecology. 1999;10:585-591.Croft D., James R., Krause J. Exploring Animal Social Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2008.Croft D., James R., Krause J. Exploring Animal Social Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2008.Croft D.P., James R., Thomas P.O.R., Hathaway C., Mawdsley D., Laland K.N., Krause J. Social structure and co-operative interactions in a wild population of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2006;59:644-650.Croft D.P., James R., Thomas P.O.R., Hathaway C., Mawdsley D., Laland K.N., Krause J. Social structure and co-operative interactions in a wild population of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2006;59:644-650.Darwin C. On the Origin of Species. 1st edition. London: J. Murray, 1859.Darwin C. On the Origin of Species. 1st edition. London: J. Murray, 1859.Daura-Jorge F.G., Cantor M., Ingram S.N., Lusseau D., Simoes-Lopes P.C. The structure of a bottlenose dolphin society is coupled to a unique foraging cooperation with artisanal fishermen. Biol. Lett. 2012;8:702-705.Daura-Jorge F.G., Cantor M., Ingram S.N., Lusseau D., Simoes-Lopes P.C. The structure of a bottlenose dolphin society is coupled to a unique foraging cooperation with artisanal fishermen. Biol. Lett. 2012;8:702-705.Dugatkin L.A. The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for the Origins of Goodness. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2006.Dugatkin L.A. The Altruism Equation: Seven Scientists Search for the Origins of Goodness. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2006.Dugatkin L.A., Hasenjager M. The networked animal. Scientific American. 2015;312:51-55.Dugatkin L.A., Hasenjager M. The networked animal. Scientific American. 2015;312:51-55.Flack J.C., Girvan M., de Waal F.B.M., Krakauer D.C. Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates. Nature. 2006;439:426-429.Flack J.C., Girvan M., de Waal F.B.M., Krakauer D.C. Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates. Nature. 2006;439:426-429.Hamilton W.D. The evolution of altruistic behavior. Am. Nat. 1963;97: 354-356.Hamilton W.D. The evolution of altruistic behavior. Am. Nat. 1963;97: 354-356.Hamilton W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II. J. Theor. Biol. 1964;7:1-52.Hamilton W.D. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II. J. Theor. Biol. 1964;7:1-52.Hasenjager M., Dugatkin L.A. Social network analysis in behavioral ecology. Adv. Stud. Behav. 2015;2015:39-114.Hasenjager M., Dugatkin L.A. Social network analysis in behavioral ecology. Adv. Stud. Behav. 2015;2015:39-114.Hughes W.O.H., Oldroyd B.P., Beekman M., Ratnieks F.L.W. Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution of eusociality. Science. 2008;320:1213-1216.Hughes W.O.H., Oldroyd B.P., Beekman M., Ratnieks F.L.W. Ancestral monogamy shows kin selection is key to the evolution of eusociality. Science. 2008;320:1213-1216.Kropotkin P. Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution. New York: McClure Philips, 1902.Kropotkin P. Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution. New York: McClure Philips, 1902.Kurvers R., Krause J., Croft D.P., Wilson A.D.M., Wolf M. The evolutionary and ecological consequences of animal social networks: emerging issues. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2014;29:326-335.Kurvers R., Krause J., Croft D.P., Wilson A.D.M., Wolf M. The evolutionary and ecological consequences of animal social networks: emerging issues. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2014;29:326-335.Lusseau D. The emergent properties of a dolphin social network. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2003;270:S186-S188.Lusseau D. The emergent properties of a dolphin social network. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2003;270:S186-S188.Lusseau D., Newman M.E.J. Identifying the role that animals play in their social networks. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2004;271:S477-S481.Lusseau D., Newman M.E.J. Identifying the role that animals play in their social networks. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2004;271:S477-S481.Lusseau D., Wilson B., Hammond P.S., Grellier K., Durban J.W., Parsons K.M., Barton T.R., Thompson P.M. Quantifying the influence of sociality on population structure in bottlenose dolphins. J. Anim. Ecol. 2006;75:14-24.Lusseau D., Wilson B., Hammond P.S., Grellier K., Durban J.W., Parsons K.M., Barton T.R., Thompson P.M. Quantifying the influence of sociality on population structure in bottlenose dolphins. J. Anim. Ecol. 2006;75:14-24.Ohtsuki H., Hauert C., Lieberman E., Nowak M.A. A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks. Nature. 2006;441:502-505.Ohtsuki H., Hauert C., Lieberman E., Nowak M.A. A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks. Nature. 2006;441:502-505.Pollock G.B., Cabrales A., Rissing S.W. On suicidal punishment among Acromyrmex versicolor co-foundresses: the disadvantage in personal advantage. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2004;6:891-917.Pollock G.B., Cabrales A., Rissing S.W. On suicidal punishment among Acromyrmex versicolor co-foundresses: the disadvantage in personal advantage. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2004;6:891-917.Ratnieks F.L., Visscher P.K. Worker policing in the honeybee. Nature. 1989;342:796-797.Ratnieks F.L., Visscher P.K. Worker policing in the honeybee. Nature. 1989;342:796-797.Ratnieks F.L.W., Helantera H. The evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2009;364:3169-3179.Ratnieks F.L.W., Helantera H. The evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2009;364:3169-3179.Rissing S., Pollock G., Higgins M., Hagen R., Smith D. Foraging specialization without relatedness or dominance among co-founding ant queens. Nature. 1989;338:420-422.Rissing S., Pollock G., Higgins M., Hagen R., Smith D. Foraging specialization without relatedness or dominance among co-founding ant queens. Nature. 1989;338:420-422.Ryti R.T., Case T.J. Spatial arrangement and diet overlap between colonies of desert ants. Oecologia. 1984;62:401-404.Ryti R.T., Case T.J. Spatial arrangement and diet overlap between colonies of desert ants. Oecologia. 1984;62:401-404.Santos F.C., Pacheco J.M., Lenaerts T. Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust their social ties. Plos Comput. Biol. 2006a;2:1284-1291.Santos F.C., Pacheco J.M., Lenaerts T. Cooperation prevails when individuals adjust their social ties. Plos Comput. Biol. 2006a;2:1284-1291.Santos F.C., Pacheco J.M., Lenaerts T. Evolutionary dynamics of social dilemmas in structured heterogeneous populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006b;103:3490-3494.Santos F.C., Pacheco J.M., Lenaerts T. Evolutionary dynamics of social dilemmas in structured heterogeneous populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006b;103:3490-3494.Seger J. All for one, one for all, that is our device. Nature. 1989;338: 374-375.Seger J. All for one, one for all, that is our device. Nature. 1989;338: 374-375.Sober E., Wilson D.S. Unto Others. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998.Sober E., Wilson D.S. Unto Others. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998.Wheeler J., Rissing S. Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. Pan. Pacific Ento. 1975; 51:205-216.Wheeler J., Rissing S. Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. Pan. Pacific Ento. 1975; 51:205-216.Wilkinson G. Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature. 1984; 308:181-184.Wilkinson G. Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat. Nature. 1984; 308:181-184.Wilkinson G. The social organization of the common vampire bat. I. Patterns and causes of association. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1985;17:111-121.Wilkinson G. The social organization of the common vampire bat. I. Patterns and causes of association. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1985;17:111-121.Wilkinson G.S. Food sharing in Vampire bats. Sci. Am. 1990;Feb:76-82.Wilkinson G.S. Food sharing in Vampire bats. Sci. Am. 1990;Feb:76-82.Wilkinson G.S. Information transfer at evening bat colonies. Anim. Behav. 1992;44:501-518.Wilkinson G.S. Information transfer at evening bat colonies. Anim. Behav. 1992;44:501-518.Wilson D.S. A general theory of group selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1975;72:143-146.Wilson D.S. A general theory of group selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1975;72:143-146.Wilson D.S. The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, 1980.Wilson D.S. The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, 1980.Wilson D.S. Does Altruism Exist? Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 2016.Wilson D.S. Does Altruism Exist? Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 2016.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.