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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ ЖИЗНЕННЫХ ЦИКЛОВ И ИХ РОЛЬ В ЭВОЛЮЦИИ БАЗОВОГО ЧИСЛА ХРОМОСОМ ГАПЛОИДНЫХ ГЕНОМОВ У РАЗНЫХ ТИПОВ ЖИВЫХ ОРГАНИЗМОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE CYCLES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE EVOLUTION OF BASIC CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN VARIOUS ORGANISMS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щапова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchapova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">shchapova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щапова А.И., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щапова А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchapova A.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/106">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/106</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе представлены результаты сравнительного анализа базовых чисел хромосом гаплоидных геномов у видов четырех отделов голосеменных растений (Gymnospermae), трех семейств покрытосеменных растений (Anthophyta), трех подклассов млекопитающих (Mammalia), различающихся по типу их жизненного цикла. Результаты проведенного анализа показали, что виды голосеменных и покрытосеменных растений с чередованием гапло-диплоидных фаз, спорической мейотической редукцией, гермафродитным определением пола и доминированием спорофита имеют малые базовые числа хромосом (х= 7–4), а большинство их видов являются полиплоидами.</p><p>Виды разных подклассов млекопитающих с доминированием спорофита, гаметической мейотической редукцией, раздельнополых с хромосомным наследованием пола существенно различаются по базовому числу хромосом. Виды Monotremata (яйцекладущие) имеют малое базовое число хромосом (5–) и уровень плоидности 10х, размах изменчивости среди видов Marsupialia (сумчатые) равен х = 5–6, а у Euarchontoglires (плацентарные) –х= 3–1. У сумчатых и плацентарных полиплоиды не обнаружены.</p><p>С помощью дифференциального окрашивания хромосом и различных методов флюоресцентной гибридизации хромосомоспецифических проб установлено, что эволюция базового числа хромосом у покрытосеменных растений сопровождалась неоднократной гибридизацией и полиплоидизацией малохромосомных видов с последующей дисплоидизацией посредством слияния негомологичных хромосом и реципрокных транслокаций. Полагают, что базовое число прародителя покрытосеменных видов не превышало 3– хромосом.</p><p>Результаты молекулярных и цитологических исследований у плацентарных и сумчатых видов млекопитающих показали, что изменение базовых чисел хромосом у них также происходило посредством слияний негомологичных хромосом и реципрокных транслокаций. Полагают, что базовое число хромосом прародителя плацентарных было в пределах х= от 40 до 50, у сумчатых 16–0, а у яйцекладущих 5–. Наличие существенных различий базовых чисел хромосом у прародителей трех разных подклассов млекопитающих, разошедшихся в эволюции несколько десятков млн лет назад, позволяет предположить, что в эволюции базовых чисел хромосом у прародителей сумчатых и плацентарных имела место полиплоидия с последующей дисплоидией. У проанализированных видов живых организмов установлена определенная взаимосвязь между типом их жизненного цикла и базовым числом хромосом.</p><p>Результаты проведенных исследований указывают на то, что основным фактором обнаруженных различий по базовому числу хромосом у проанализированных видов , различающихся по типу жизненного цикла, являются генетические различия их в определении пола, и значительно меньшее влияние на этот процесс оказывает продолжительность гапло-диплоидных фаз.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Basic chromosome numbers are compared among species of four gymnosperm divisions, three Anthophyta families, and three Mammalia subclasses, with different life cycle types. Gymnosperm and angiosperm species characterized by alternation of haploid and diploid phases, sporic meiotic reduction, hermaphroditism, and sporophyte predominance have small basic chromosome numbers (BCNs): x = 7 to 14, and most of their species are polyploids. Species of various mammal subclasses, with sporophyte predominance gametic meiotic reduction, dioecious, and characterized by a chromosomal sex-determination system broadly vary in BCN. Monotremata species (oviparous) have small BCNs and ploidy levels 10x. The BCN variability among marsupials is x = 5 to 16, and in Euarchontoglires (placentals) x = 3 to 51. No polyploids have been found among marsupials or placentals.</p><p>Data on chromosome banding and various kinds of fluorescence hybridization of chromosome-specific probes indicate that the BCN evolution in angiosperms was accompanied by repeated crosses and polyploidization of species with few chromosomes followed by dysploidization by means of conjugation of nonhomologous chromosomes and reciprocal translocations. It is believed that the BCN of the placental ancestor was x = 40–50; of the marsupial ancestor, 16–20; and of oviparous mammals, 5–6. The significant difference among BCNs of the ancestors of the three mammal subclasses, which diverged tens of millions of years ago, suggests that the evolution of BCNS in the ancestors of marsupials and placentals involved polyploidy followed by dysploidy.</p><p>The species analyzed demonstrate a correlation between life cycle type and BCN.</p><p>The results indicate that the genetic difference in sex determination systems were the main cause of BCN variation in the species analyzed, differing in life cycle type. The lengths of the haploid and diploid phases are of minor significance.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>базовое число хромосом</kwd><kwd>гаплоидный геном</kwd><kwd>эволюция видов</kwd><kwd>жизненные циклы</kwd><kwd>типы мейотической редукции хромосом</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>basic chromosome number</kwd><kwd>haploid genome</kwd><kwd>species evolution</kwd><kwd>life cycles</kwd><kwd>types of meiotic chromosome reduction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдулов Н.П. Кариосистематическое исследование семейства злаков // Тр. по прикл. ботан., генет. и селекции. Приложение 44 Л.: ВАСХНИЛ. Ин-т растениеводства, 1931. 428 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Авдулов Н.П. Кариосистематическое исследование семейства злаков // Тр. по прикл. ботан., генет. и селекции. Приложение 44 Л.: ВАСХНИЛ. 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