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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-109</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ФЕНОТИПИЧЕСКОГО ЭФФЕКТА ХРОМОСОМНЫХ АНОМАЛИЙ У ЧЕЛОВЕКА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>REALIZATION OF THE PHENOTYPIC EFFECT OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN HUMANS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гринберг</surname><given-names>К. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grinberg</surname><given-names>K. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kukharenko_9@msn.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кухаренко</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kukharenko</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kukharenko_9@msn.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт репродуктивной генетики, Чикаго, США<country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Reproductive Genetics Institute, Chicago, USA<country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гринберг К.Н., Кухаренко В.И., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гринберг К.Н., Кухаренко В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grinberg K.N., Kukharenko V.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/109">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/109</self-uri><abstract><p>Уже несколько десятилетий обсуждаются различные условия формирования фенотипа больных с аномалиями кариотипа (в частности пациентов с синдромом Дауна). Ранее нами были представлены факторы, влияющие на формирование фенотипа пациентов с хромосомными аномалиями (Гринберг, 1978, 1982; Grinberg, Kukharenko, 1992). Мы полагаем, что общая концепция фенотипического проявления хромосомного дисбаланса должна учитывать следующие факторы:</p><sec><title>1</title><p>1. Изменения в числе хромосом, кроме специфических эффектов, связанных с дозой локализованных в данной хромосоме генов, сопровождаются неспецифическим эффектом, проявляющимся в угнетении роста и развития организма.</p></sec><sec><title>2</title><p>2. Пороки развития, наблюдаемые у человека при хромосомных аномалиях, представляют собой персистирующие образования, являющиеся нормальной стадией на более ранних этапах развития. Основные эффекты хромосомных аномалий являются гипоморфными. Вместе с тем эти пороки развития фактически не отличаются от пороков развития, вызванных отдельными генами и тератогенными факторами внешней среды.</p></sec><sec><title>3</title><p>3. В основе патогенеза фенотипического проявления хромосомного дисбаланса могут лежать нарушения основных и элементарных событий морфогенеза, происходящие на клеточном уровне. Такими событиями являются пролиферация клеток, миграция, специфическая рецепция и индукционные взаимоотношения.</p></sec><sec><title>4</title><p>4. Предполагается, что изменения метаболического гомеостаза в клетках с аномальным кариотипом способствуют проявлению скрытой изменчивости структур, обеспечивающих основные морфогенетические функции клеток. Хромосомные аномалии усиливают эволюционно обусловленную изменчивость в сторону замедления созревания клеточных и тканевых структур, что и является основным звеном патогенеза хромосомного дисбаланса.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Factors determining the phenotype formation in patients with abnormal karyotype (including those with Down’s syndrome) have been discussed for several decades. Earlier, we considered factors affecting phenotype formation in patients with chromosomal aberrations (Grinberg, 1978, 1982; Grinberg, Kukharenko, 1992). We believe that the general concept of the phenotypic manifestation of chromosomal disbalance must take into account the following factors:</p><sec><title>1</title><p>1. The alteration in the number of chromosomes, in addition to specific effects connected with the dose of the genes located in a particular chromosome is accompanied by a nonspecific effect, which is manifested in the oppression of growth and development of the organism.</p></sec><sec><title>2</title><p>2. Birth defects observed in persons with chromosomal aberrations are persisting conditions, which are normal at earlier developmental stages. The main effects of chromosomal aberrations are hypomorphic. Nevertheless, these birth defects actually do not differ from developmental defects caused by particular genes and teratogenic environmental factors.</p></sec><sec><title>3</title><p>3. The phenotypic manifestation of chromosomal imbalance may be based on disturbances of the basic and elementary events in morphogenesis, occurring at the cell level. Such events are proliferation and migration of cells, specific reception, and induction relationships.</p></sec><sec><title>4</title><p>4. It is supposed that changes of metabolic homeostasis in cells with abnormal karyotypes favor the manifestation of the latent variability of structures that support the basic morphogenetic functions in cells. It is conceivable that chromosomal aberrations strengthen the evolutionarily conditioned variability towards the delay of maturation of cellular and tissue structures, which is the key link in the pathogenesis associated with chromosomal imbalance.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трисомия</kwd><kwd>синдром Дауна</kwd><kwd>пороки развития</kwd><kwd>замедление созревания</kwd><kwd>клетки</kwd><kwd>спонтанные аборты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>trisomy</kwd><kwd>trisomy 21</kwd><kwd>Down’s syndrome</kwd><kwd>birth defects</kwd><kwd>cell maturation</kwd><kwd>developmental delay</kwd><kwd>cellular mechanisms</kwd><kwd>spontaneous abortion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анненков Г.А. 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