vavilov

Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding

2500-3259

Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS

10.18699/10.18699/VJ17.30-o

vavilov-1196

Research Article

РЕПРОДУКТИВНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

PHYSIOLOGICAL GENETICS

Некодирующие части генома как основа эпигенетической наследственности

Non-coding parts of genomes as the basis of epigenetic heredity

Мустафин

Р. Н.

Mustaﬁn

R. N.

ruji79@mail.ru

Хуснутдинова

Э. К.

Khusnutdinova

E. K.

ruji79@mail.ru

Башкирский государственный университет, УфаРоссияBashkir State University, UfaRussian Federation

Башкирский государственный университет, Уфа; Институт биохимии и генетики Уфимского научного центра РАН, УфаРоссияBashkir State University, Ufa; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, UfaRussian Federation

2017

29112017

216742749

2017

Мустафин Р.Н., Хуснутдинова Э.К.

Mustaﬁn R.N., Khusnutdinova E.K.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1196

Анализ литературных данных дает возможность предположить, что основой эпигенетических преобразований геномов в онтогенезе являются особенности распределения, количества и состава мобильных генетических элементов. Транспозоны составляют большую часть геномов многоклеточных эукариот, эволюционное сохранение данных структур сопряжено с двумя универсальными механизмами управления дифференцировки клеток – процессингом некодирующих РНК и регуляцией сплайсинга. Данные универсальные механизмы первоначально были направлены на защиту от вирусов и мобильных генетических элементов, однако в дальнейшем кооперация защитных систем с механизмами управления взаимосвязи клеток и их дифференцировкой стала причиной возникновения и эволюции многоклеточных. В пользу этого говорят эволюционное сохранение комплекса взаимосвязанных ферментов Drosha, Dicer, Argonaut, RdRP и их гомологов практически у всех многоклеточных, а также отсутствие данных ферментов у одноклеточных. Интроны происходят от мобильных генетических элементов, в распространении и регуляции интронов важную роль играют транспозоны c их продуктами экспрессии. Транспозоны регулируют экспрессию генов in cis и in trans, а также опосредованно путем продукции малых РНК, влияющих на собственную активность мобильных генетических элементов, как путем изменения метилирования ДНК и модификацией гистонов, так и посттранскрипционно. Кроме того, транспозоны рассматриваются в качестве важных источников длинных некодирующих РНК, участвующих в регуляции дифференцировки клеток. Закономерное изменение активности транспозонов в онтогенезе тканеспецифично и стадиеспецифично и сопряжено с экспрессией специфических некодирующих РНК транспозонного происхождения, изменяющих активность генов при дифференцировке клеток. Предполагается, что видоспецифические особенности активации транспозонов при каждом последующем делении клеток проходят эволюционный отбор и используются в качестве ключевых регуляторов роста и развития организма. Начиная с первого деления зиготы, расположение и состав транспозонов в геноме влияют на их наследуемую активацию в каждом последующем клеточном делении. Это вызывает изменение экспрессии определенных генов и дифференцировку клеток, в результате чего развивается целостный многоклеточный организм.

We hypothesized that the basis of epigenetic regulation of genomes in ontogenesis is the speciﬁcity of the distribution, number and composition of transposons. Transposons constitute the major part of the genomes of multicellular eukaryotes. The evolutionary preservation of transposons is associated with universal mechanisms for controlling cell diﬀerentiation: processing of non-coding RNAs and splicing regulation. These universal mechanisms were originally aimed at protecting against viruses and transposons. The cooperation of these protective systems with mechanisms for controlling the interrelation of cells and their diﬀerentiation became the basis for the emergence and evolution of multicellular eukaryotes. The evolutionary conservation of a complex enzymes Drosha, Dicer, Argonaut, RdRP and their homologues in all multicellular eukaryotes, and their absence in unicellular organisms supports this assumption. Introns originated from mobile genetic elements. Transposons played an important role in the propagation of introns in evolution and their regulation in ontogenesis. Transposons regulate the expression of genes in cis and in trans, and also indirectly by the production of small RNAs that aﬀect their own activity, both by altering the DNA methylation and modifying histones, and at the posttranscriptional level. Tissue-speciﬁc and stage-speciﬁc changes in the activity of transposons in ontogenesis are associated with the expression of transposon-derived noncoding RNAs and altering the activity of genes, which leads to cell diﬀerentiation. We proposed that the species-speciﬁc features of activation of transposons for each subsequent cell division undergo evolutionary selection and are key regulators of the growth and development of the organism. We proposed that transposons in the genome aﬀect their inherited activation in each subsequent cell division, which causes a change in cell diﬀerentiation.

альтернативный сплайсингинтронымобильные генетические элементынекодирующие РНКсистема РНК-интерференциитранспозоныпроцессинг

alternative splicingintronsmobile genetic elementsnoncoding RNARNA interferencetransposonsprocessing

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.