vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ18.369vavilov-1512Research ArticleГЕНОМИКА И ТРАНСКРИПТОМИКАPLANT GENETICS AND BREEDINGГЕНЫ, КОНТРОЛИРУЮЩИЕ СИНТЕЗ ФЛАВОНОИДНЫХ И МЕЛАНИНОВЫХ ПИГМЕНТОВ ЯЧМЕНЯGENES DETERMINING THE SYNTHESIS OF LAVONOID AND MELANIN PIGMENTS IN BARLEYШоеваО. Ю.ShoevaO. Yu.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

olesya_ter@bionet.nsc.ruСтрыгинаК. В.StryginaK. V.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

ХлесткинаЕ. К.KhlestkinaE. K.

Новосибирск, Санкт-Петербург

Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg

Федеральный исследовательский центр, Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics SB RASRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр, Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет; Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР)РоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University; N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)Russian Federation201824052018223333342Copyright © Шоева О.Ю., Стрыгина К.В., Хлесткина Е.К., 20182018Шоева О.Ю., Стрыгина К.В., Хлесткина Е.К.Shoeva O.Y., Strygina K.V., Khlestkina E.K.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1512

Помимо зеленой окраски, обусловленной хлорофиллом, у ячменя зерно и вегетативные органы могут быть окрашены соединениями фенольной природы, такими как меланины и флавоноидные пигменты антоцианы и проантоцианидины. В связи с широкой биологической активностью данных соединений и их неокрашенных предшественников в отношении растений и человека в последнее время наблюдается повышенный интерес к изучению генов, определяющих окраску у растений. Наиболее изученной является система генов, участвующих в синтезе флавоноидных пигментов. С семидесятых годов прошлого века в геноме ячменя идентифицированы и локализованы как структурные гены, кодирующие ферменты метаболизма флавоноидов, так и регуляторные гены, определяющие тканеспецифическое накопление данных пигментов в тканях зерна, а также в вегетативных органах. К настоящему времени выделены нуклеотидные последовательности регуляторных генов Ant1 и Ant2, определяющих накопление антоцианов в перикарпе зерна, гена Ant28, контролирующего биосинтез проантоцианидинов (конденсированных таннинов) в семенной оболочке, a также генов HvMpc2, HvMyc2, HvWD40, определяющих накопление антоцианов в алейроновом слое зерновки ячменя. Менее изучена меланиновая окраска. Ввиду сложной структуры и устойчивости к различным растворителям химическая природа данных пигментов до сих пор не установлена. Однако благодаря сравнительному анализу транскриптомов в окрашенных и неокрашенных чешуях колоса и зерна почти изогенных линий ячменя удалось идентифицировать метаболические пути, лежащие в осно- ве формирования меланиновой пигментации. В предложенной статье проводится обзор результатов работ, посвященных исследованиям генетического контроля формирования окраски у ячменя.

In addition to the green color caused by chlorophyll, grain and vegetative organs of barley can be colored by compounds of phenolic nature, such as melanins and lavonoids, which include anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins. Due to the wide biological activity of these pigmented compounds and their uncolored precursors in respect to plants and humans, there has recently been an increased interest in studying genes that determine pigmentation in plants. The gene network determining the synthesis of lavonoid pigments is the most studied one. Since the 1970s, structural genes that encode the enzymes of lavonoid metabolism, as well as regulatory genes that determine the tissue-speciic accumulation of these pigments in grain tissues, as well as in vegetative organs have been identiied and localized in the barley genome. The Ant1 and Ant2 genes, determining the accumulation of anthocyanins in grain pericarp, the Ant28 gene controlling the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) in seed coat, as well as the HvMpc2, HvMyc2 and HvWD40 genes responsible for the accumulation of anthocyanins in the aleurone layer of barley grain have been determined. Melanins are less studied pigments of plants. Due to the complex structure and resistance to various solvents, the chemical nature of these pigments has not been established. However, due to the comparative analysis of transcriptomes in the colored and uncolored lemma and grain pericarp of barley near-isogenic lines, it was possible to identify the metabolic pathways underlying the formation of the melanin pigmentation. The proposed article reviews the results of the studies on the genetic control of barley coloration.

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