References

vavilov

Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding

2500-3259

Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS

10.18699/VJ18.420

vavilov-1709

Research Article

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ И БИОКОЛЛЕКЦИИ

PLANT GENETICS

Соцветие злаков: особенности строения, развития и генетической регуляции морфогенеза

Cereal inflorescence: features of morphology, development and genetic regulation of morphogenesis

Добровольская

О. Б.

Dobrovolskaya

O. B.

Новосибирск; Московская область, Раменский район, п. Быково

Novosibirsk; Bykovo, Ramenskoe district, Moscow region

oxana-d@yandex.ru

Дресвянникова

А. Е.

Dresvyannikova

A. E.

Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики, Сибирское отделение Российской академии наук; Всероссийский центр карантина растенийРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; All-Russian Plant Quarantine CentreRussian Federation

Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики, Сибирское отделение Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университетРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State UniversityRussian Federation

2018

08112018

227766775

2018

Добровольская О.Б., Дресвянникова А.Е.

Dobrovolskaya O.B., Dresvyannikova A.E.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1709

Злаки (Poaceae Barnh.) - самое крупное семейство покрытосеменных растений, произрастающих на всех континентах земного шара и составляющих значительную часть многих биоценозов. К этому семейству принадлежат такие важные сельскохозяйственные культуры, как рис, кукуруза, пшеница, ячмень, рожь, сахарный тростник. Качественные и количественные характеристики соцветий злаков непосредственно связаны с продуктивностью и определяются особенностями развития. В обзоре рассмотрены современные представления о строении и развитии соцветий злаков, а также результаты исследований генетических механизмов, регулирующих их формирование. Соцветия всех злаковых характеризуются общей чертой: цветки развиваются в составе определенной структуры - колоска, строение и общие черты развития которого сходны у всех злаков. У большинства представителей злаковых соцветие имеет сложное строение. Длина и особенности строения главной оси соцветия, наличие и степень ветвления, расположение и развитие боковых веточек обуславливают большое разнообразие в строении соцветий. Сложные соцветия злаков формируются из меристем нескольких типов. Переход от функционирования одной меристемы к другой - многоступенчатый процесс, в регуляцию которого вовлечено множество генов. Гены, управляющие развитием соцветия злаков, были идентифицированы благодаря использованию мутантов (в основном кукурузы и риса), у которых нарушена морфология соцветия и цветка; большая часть этих генов контролирует инициацию и судьбу меристем. Наличие некоторых генетических механизмов, регулирующих развитие соцветия злаков, подтверждают модели, ранее открытые у двудольных растений. Вместе с тем показано, что существуют процессы развития, специфичные только для соцветий злаков, и появляются новые модули в их генетической регуляции, в частности связанные с формированием разветвленного соцветия. Кроме того, важный аспект генетической регуляции - наличие «слабых» аллелей, не вызывающих тератологических нарушений в строении соцветия, но вносящих вклад в изменчивость количественных признаков под контролем генов развития, например генов сигнального пути CLAVATA злаков. Наличие таких «слабых» аллелей, связанных с продуктивностью, является основанием для их дальнейшего использования в селекционных программах.

Cereals (Poaceae Barnh.) are the largest family of monocotyledonous flowering plants growing on all continents and constituting a significant part of Earth's many ecological communities. The Poaceae includes many important crops, such as rice, maize, wheat, barley, and rye. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cereal inflorescences are directly related to yield and are determined by the features of inflorescence development. This review considers modern concepts of the morphology, development and genetic mechanisms regulating the cereal inflorescence development. A common feature of cereal inflorescences is a spikelet, a reduced branch that bears florets with a similar structure and common scheme of development in all cereals. The length and the structure of the main axis, the presence and type of lateral branches cause a great variety of cereal inflorescences. Complex cereal inflorescences are formed from meristems of several types. The transition from the activity of one meristem to another is a multi-step process. The genes involved in the control of the cereal inflorescence development have been identified using mutants (mainly maize and rice) with altered inflorescence and floret morphology; most of these genes regulate the initiation and fate of meristems. The presence of some genetic mechanisms in cereals confirms the models previously discovered in dicotyledonous plants; on the other hand, there are cereal-specific developmental processes that are controlled by new modules of genetic regulation, in particular, associated with the formation of a branched inflorescence. An important aspect is the presence of quantitative variability of traits under the control of developmental genes, which is a prerequisite for the use of weak alleles contributing to the variability of plant growth and yield in breeding programs (for example, genes of the CLAVATA signaling pathway).

злакисоцветиемеристемыидентичность меристемдетерминированность меристем

cerealsinflorescencemeristemsmeristem identitymeristem determinacy

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.