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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ18.447</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-1806</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CELL BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение РНК-направленной нуклеазы Cas9 для сайт-специфической модификации генома в протопластах cибирского сорта ячменя с высокой способностью к регенерации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Targeted genome modifcation in protoplasts of a highly regenerable Siberian barley cultivar using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8626-1831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">gerson@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Короткова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korotkova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2320-7579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хертиг</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hertig</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7649-3989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хикель</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hiekel</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-6027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоффи</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hofe</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5537-8276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Будхагатапалли</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Budhagatapalli</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Отто</surname><given-names>И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5539-3097</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хензель</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hensel</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шумный</surname><given-names>В. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumny</surname><given-names>V. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочетов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-7983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кумлен</surname><given-names>Й.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kumlehn</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-8254</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлесткина</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlestkina</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт генетики растений и исследования культурных растений им. Лейбница<country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Leibniz-Institut für Pﬂanzengenetik und Kulturpﬂanzenforschung (IPK)<country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет;&#13;
Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University;&#13;
N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1033</fpage><lpage>1039</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Герасимова С.В., Короткова А.М., Хертиг К., Хикель С., Хоффи Р., Будхагатапалли Н., Отто И., Хензель Г., Шумный В.К., Кочетов А.В., Кумлен Й., Хлесткина Е.К., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Герасимова С.В., Короткова А.М., Хертиг К., Хикель С., Хоффи Р., Будхагатапалли Н., Отто И., Хензель Г., Шумный В.К., Кочетов А.В., Кумлен Й., Хлесткина Е.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gerasimova S.V., Korotkova A.M., Hertig C., Hiekel S., Hofe R., Budhagatapalli N., Otto I., Hensel G., Shumny V.K., Kochetov A.V., Kumlehn J., Khlestkina E.K.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1806">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1806</self-uri><abstract><p>Модификация геномов культурных растений при помощи компонентов бактериальной защитной системы CRISPR/Cas в настоящее время является быстроразвивающейся областью прикладной науки. Методика индукции сайт-специфических изменений в растительных геномах, как правило, включает такие этапы, как конструирование генетических векторов, содержащих гены нуклеазы Cas9 и химерной направляющей РНК, доставку плазмидной ДНК или рибонуклеопротеиновых частиц в клетки растений, что приводит к внесению изменений в выбранный сайт геномной ДНК, и последующую регенерацию растений из модифицированных клеток. Применение этой технологии в селекции ограничено тем, что генотипы в разной степени подвержены генетической трансформации и различаются по способности к регенерации in vitro. Генотип-зависимость эффективности биотехнологических манипуляций особенно ярко выражена у культурных зерновых злаков. В настоящей работе была проведена оценка эффективности регенерации растений in vitro из клеток незрелых зародышей десяти сибирских сортов ячменя. Было показано, что только один из исследуемых сортов сопоставим с модельным для биотехнологических и генно-инженерных работ сортом Golden Promise. Сорт Алей продемонстрировал самую высокую эффективность регенерации среди сибирских сортов ячменя и был выбран для проведения эксперимента по модификации генома в протопластах мезофилла листа. Для проведения модификации генома было выбрано два целевых гена, которые контролируют хозяйственные признаки. Ген Nud контролирует признак голозерности или пленчатости, ген Vrs1 – признак двурядности или шестирядности. Были сконструированы генетические век торы, несущие систему модификации генома, направленную на три сайта в двух целевых генах. Конструкции были введены в протопласты методом полиэтиленгликоль-зависимой трансформации, детекция мутаций осуществлялась методом глубокого секвенирования целевых последовательностей, амплифицированных с геномной ДНК трансформированной клеточной популяции. Мутации были выявлены в 6–20 % популяции трансформированных клеток. Делеции разного размера обнаружены в трех целевых сайтах, однонуклеотидные инсерции обнаружены только в одном из сайтов. Результаты, полученные в работе, демонстрируют возможность сайт-специфической модификации генома сибирского ячменя. Дальнейшие шаги по развитию технологии сайт-направленной модификации геномов культурных злаков потребуют разработки «генотип-независимых» методов генетической трансформации клеток и последующей регенерации растений из модифицированных клеток.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The modifcation of crop genomes employing functional components of the microbial CRISPR/Cas immune system is a rapidly developing area of applied research. Site-directed plant genome modifcation by this technology involves the construction of Cas endonuclease- and guide-RNA-encoding vectors, delivery of the plasmid DNA into plant cells, processing of the chosen genomic target site by the corresponding gene products and regeneration of plants from modifed cells. The utilization of this technology in local breeding programs is mainly limited by the typically strong genotype dependence of gene transfer and in vitro regeneration procedures, which holds particularly true in cereals. In the present study, an evaluation of in vitro regeneration efciency of immature embryos of ten Siberian barley cultivars revealed that only one of these is on a par with the experimental standard cultivar Golden Promise. This cultivar, namely cv. Aley, was consequently chosen for further experiments on site-directed mutagenesis in leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Two genes controlling hulled vs naked (Nud) and two-rowed vs six-rowed barley (Vrs1) were used as targets to be modifed via polyethyleneglycol-mediated cellular uptake of guide-RNA/Cas9-encoding plasmid DNA. Deep-sequencing of amplicons obtained from protoplast genomic DNA revealed that 6 to 22 percent of the target sites were mutated. The detected modifcations comprised deletions in all three target sites and of various sizes, whereas insertions were observed in only one of the target genes (Vrs1) and were confned to the size of 1 nucleotide. This study demonstrates the possibility of site-directed genome modifcation in Siberian barley. Further steps in technology advancement will require the development of protocols with reduced genotype dependence in terms of both the gene transfer to totipotent cells and the subsequent plant regeneration originating from such cells.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CRISPR/Cas</kwd><kwd>Cas9</kwd><kwd>ячмень</kwd><kwd>протопласты</kwd><kwd>Nud</kwd><kwd>Vrs1</kwd><kwd>регенерация</kwd><kwd>трансфекция</kwd><kwd>сайт-направленный мутагенез</kwd><kwd>культивирование in vitro</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CRISPR/Cas</kwd><kwd>Cas9</kwd><kwd>barley</kwd><kwd>protoplasts</kwd><kwd>Nud</kwd><kwd>Vrs1</kwd><kwd>regeneration</kwd><kwd>transfection</kwd><kwd>site-directed mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>in vitro culture</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai Y., Han N., Wu J., Yang Y., Wang J., Zhu M., Bian H. 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