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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ19.474</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-1926</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ХРОМОСОМ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Политенные хромосомы отражают  функциональную организацию генома Drosophila</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Polytene chromosomes reflect functional organization  of the Drosophila genome</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоренко</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorenko</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">demidova.daria@mcb.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыкова</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zykova</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хорошко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khoroshko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Похолкова</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokholkova</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демаков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demakov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларссон</surname><given-names>Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larsson</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Умео.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Umea.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беляева</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyaeva</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жимулёв</surname><given-names>И. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhimulev</surname><given-names>I. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук.<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS.<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Факультет молекулярной биологии Университета Умео.<country>Швеция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University.<country>Sweden</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет, лаборатория структурной, функциональной  и сравнительной геномики.<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS; 3	Laboratory of Structural, Functional and Comparative Genomics of the Novosibirsk State University.<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>153</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сидоренко Д.С., Зыкова Т.Ю., Хорошко В.А., Похолкова Г.В., Демаков С.А., Ларссон Я., Беляева Е.С., Жимулёв И.Ф., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сидоренко Д.С., Зыкова Т.Ю., Хорошко В.А., Похолкова Г.В., Демаков С.А., Ларссон Я., Беляева Е.С., Жимулёв И.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sidorenko D.S., Zykova T.Y., Khoroshko V.A., Pokholkova G.V., Demakov S.A., Larsson J., Belyaeva E.S., Zhimulev I.F.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1926">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1926</self-uri><abstract><p>Политенные хромосомы Drosophila melanogaster – удобная модель для изучения интерфазных хромосом эукариот. Им свойственны гигантские размеры в сравнении с хромосомами диплоидных клеток и поперечная исчерченность, возникающая в связи с упорядоченным расположением хроматид. Каждый район политенных хромосом обладает уникальным дисковым рисунком. С использованием модели четырех типов хроматина, которая выявляет домены различной степени компактизации, удалось соотнести физическую и цитологическую карты некоторых районов политенных хромосом и показать основные свойства генетической и молекулярной организации дисков и междисков, описанию которых посвящен данный обзор. Междискам на молекулярной карте генома соответствуют декомпактный aquamarine хроматин и 5’-концы повсеместно активных генов. Серые диски содержат промежуточный по уровню компактизации lazurite и malachite хроматин и в основном кодирующие части генов. Черные плотные транскрипционно неактивные диски обогащены ruby хроматином. Локализация нескольких десятков междисков на молекулярной карте генома позволила по данным полногеномных проектов подробно исследовать их архитектуру. Распределение белков и регуляторных элементов генома в промоторных районах генов, локализованных в междисках, показывает, что эти части междисков, вероятно, отвечают за формирование хроматина открытого типа, который визуализируется в политенных хромосомах как междиски. Таким образом, постоянная генетическая активность междисков и серых дисков и неактивность генов в черных дисках лежат в основе универсального дискового рисунка в хромосомах всех тканей дрозофилы. Особый случай представляет самая маленькая – четвертая – хромосома дрозофилы с нетипичной белковой композицией хроматина. При помощи модели четырех состояний хроматина и флуоресцентной in situ гибридизации была уточнена ее цитологическая карта и определены геномные координаты всех дисков и междисков. Показано, что, несмотря на особенности этой хромосомы, ее дисковая организация в целом соответствует остальному геному. Выбиваются из общей схемы особо длинные гены разных хромосом дрозофилы, которые могут занимать целую серию чередующихся дисков и междисков (до девяти структур), образованных частями этих генов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster are a convenient model for studying interphase chromosomes of eukaryotes. They are giant in size in comparison with diploid cell chromosomes and have a pattern of cross stripes resulting from the ordered chromatid arrangement. Each region of polytene chromosomes has a unique banding pattern. Using the model of four chromatin types that reveals domains of varying compaction degrees, we were able to correlate the physical and cytological maps of some polytene chromosome regions and to show the main properties of genetic and molecular organization of bands and interbands, that we describe in this review. On the molecular map of the genome, the interbands correspond to decompacted aquamarine chromatin and 5’ ends of ubiquitously active genes. Gray bands contain lazurite and malachite chromatin, intermediate in the level of compaction, and, mainly, coding parts of genes. Dense black transcriptionally inactive bands are enriched in ruby chromatin. Localization of several dozens of interbands on the genome molecular map allowed us to study in detail their architecture according to the data of whole genome projects. The distribution of proteins and regulatory elements of the genome in the promoter regions of genes localized in the interbands shows that these parts of interbands are probably responsible for the formation of open chromatin that is visualized in polytene chromosomes as interbands. Thus, the permanent genetic activity of interbands and gray bands and the inactivity of genes in black bands are the basis of the universal banding pattern in the chromosomes of all Drosophila tissues. The smallest fourth chromosome of Drosophila with an atypical protein composition of chromatin is a special case.  Using the model of four chromatin states and fluorescent in situ hybridization, its cytological map was refined and the genomic coordinates of all bands and interbands were determined. It was shown that, in spite of the peculiarities of this chromosome, its band organization in general corresponds to the rest of the genome. Extremely long genes of different Drosophila chromosomes do not fit the common scheme, since they can occupy a series of alternating bands and interbands (up to nine chromosomal structures) formed by parts of these genes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Drosophila melanogaster</kwd><kwd>политенные хромосомы</kwd><kwd>интерфазные хромосомы</kwd><kwd>модель состояний хроматина</kwd><kwd>флуоресцентная in situ гибридизация</kwd><kwd>генетическая организация</kwd><kwd>диски и междиски хромосом</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Drosophila melanogaster</kwd><kwd>polytene chromosomes</kwd><kwd>interphase chromosomes</kwd><kwd>four chromatin state  model</kwd><kwd>fluorescent in situ hybridization</kwd><kwd>genetic organization</kwd><kwd>bands and interbands of chromosomes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreyeva E.N., Kolesnikova T.D., Demakova O.V., Mendez-Lago M., Pokholkova G.V., Belyaeva E.S., Rossi F., Dimitri P., Villasante A., Zhimulev I.F. 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