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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ19.485</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-1939</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГУЛЯЦИЯ ГЕНОВ И ГЕНОМОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GENOME AND GENE REGULATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптогенетическая регуляция транскрипции  эндогенных генов млекопитающих</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optogenetic regulation of endogenous gene transcription  in mammals</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2189-5101</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омелина</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Omelina</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.pindyurin@mcb.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-0641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пиндюрин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pindyurin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук.<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS.<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;  Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет.<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS; Novosibirsk State University.<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>219</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Омелина Е.С., Пиндюрин А.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Омелина Е.С., Пиндюрин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Omelina E.S., Pindyurin A.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1939">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1939</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на быстрое развитие подходов, контролирующих транскрипцию экзогенных генов во времени и пространстве, разработка систем, обеспечивающих точную регуляцию экспрессии эндогенных генов, является намного более сложной. Однако для дальнейшего прогресса в области безопасной и эффективной генной терапии, а также регенеративной медицины совершенно необходимо искать подходы для контроля активности эндогенных генов. Кроме того, такие подходы представляют интерес для исследований в области генетики, молекулярной и клеточной биологии. Идеальная система для регуляции транскрипции интересующего гена должна удовлетворять следующим требованиям: быть настраиваемой, обратимой, тканеспецифичной и регулируемой во времени. Несмотря на то что в настоящее время известны системы для регуляции транскрипции эндогенных генов, индуцируемые химическими агентами, наиболее многообещающими для применения в области генной терапии представляются оптогенетические системы, поскольку они неинвазивные и нетоксичные. Также оптогенетические системы не зависят от скорости диффузии химического агента и фармакокинетики и обнаруживают высокую скорость переключения между активным и неактивным состояниями. Причем системы, контролируемые светом длинноволнового диапазона, являются наиболее предпочтительными для использования в тканях млекопитающих по сравнению с системами, использующими свет с короткой длиной волны. Это связано с тем, что дальний красный и ближний инфракрасный свет обладают наибольшей проницаемостью в ткани млекопитающих, благодаря меньшему рассеиванию света, вызванному липидами, и сниженной автофлуоресценции тканей на длинах волн более 700 нм. В данном обзоре мы рассматриваем свето-индуцируемые системы, основанные на использовании синтетических факторов, которые способны связываться с любой желаемой последовательностью ДНК, обеспечивая тем самым направленную активацию или репрессию интересующих эндогенных генов. Такие синтетические факторы основаны на белках типа цинковый палец, TALE-ассоциированных белках (transcription activator-like effectors) и технологии CRISPR/Cas9. Мы обсуждаем также преимущества и недостатки этих ДНК-связывающих факторов для оптогенетической регуляции активности генов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the rapid development of approaches aimed to precisely control transcription of exogenous genes in time and space, design of systems providing similar tight regulation of endogenous gene expression is much more challenging. However, finding ways to control the activity of endogenous genes is absolutely necessary for further progress in safe and effective gene therapies and regenerative medicine. In addition, such systems are of particular interest for genetics, molecular and cell biology. An ideal system should ensure tunable and reversible spatio-temporal control over transcriptional activity of a gene of interest. Although there are drug-inducible systems for transcriptional regulation of endogenous genes, optogenetic approaches seem to be the most promising for the gene therapy applications, as they are noninvasive and do not exhibit toxicity in comparison with druginducible systems. Moreover, they are not dependent on chemical inducer diffusion rate or pharmacokinetics and exhibit fast activation-deactivation switching. Among optogenetic tools, long-wavelength light-controlled systems are more preferable for use in mammalian tissues in comparison with tools utilizing shorter wavelengths, since far-red/near-infrared light has the maximum penetration depth due to lower light scattering caused by lipids and reduced tissue autofluorescence at wavelengths above 700 nm. Here, we review such light-inducible systems, which are based on synthetic factors that can be targeted to any desired DNA sequence and provide activation or repression of a gene of interest. The factors include zinc finger proteins, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these DNA targeting tools in the context of the light-inducible gene regulation systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цинковый палец</kwd><kwd>TALE</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>оптогенетика</kwd><kwd>регуляция транскрипции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>zinc finger</kwd><kwd>TALE</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>optogenetics</kwd><kwd>transcription regulation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>Russian Science Foundation, grant 18-74-00050</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beerli R.R., Dreier B., Barbas C.F. 3rd. Positive and negative regula-tion of endogenous genes by designed transcription factors. 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