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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ19.498</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-2026</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетика и селекция микроорганизмов</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Microbial genetics and selection</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптимизированный метод подсчета количества вирусных частиц с помощью электронной микроскопии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An optimized method for counting viral particles using electron microscopy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-465X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцев</surname><given-names>Б. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitsev</surname><given-names>B. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">zaitsev@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-8092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таранов</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Taranov</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-9071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудометова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudometova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0953-6333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербакова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильичев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyichev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-8809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>337</fpage><lpage>342</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайцев Б.Н., Таранов О.С., Рудометова Н.Б., Щербакова Н.С., Ильичев А.А., Карпенко Л.И., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайцев Б.Н., Таранов О.С., Рудометова Н.Б., Щербакова Н.С., Ильичев А.А., Карпенко Л.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaitsev B.N., Taranov O.S., Rudometova N.B., Shcherbakova N.S., Ilyichev A.A., Karpenko L.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2026">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2026</self-uri><abstract><p>Вирусы поражают все типы организмов, от растений и животных до бактерий и архей. При исследовании образцов, содержащих вирусы, неизбежно встает вопрос количественного определения вирусных частиц в пробе. Одна из наиболее простых и эффективных методик количественного определения вирусных частиц в препарате – использование электронной микроскопии, однако основным ограничением метода является относительно высокий предел обнаружения (107 частиц/мл). Часто такая чувствительность недостаточна и может приводить к ошибочной диагностике. Цель данной работы заключалась в разработке методики, позволяющей более точно оценивать количество вирусных частиц и работать с образцами, в которых концентрация ниже, чем 107 частиц/мл. Метод заключается в концентрировании вирусных частиц на мембране из полиэфирсульфона, применяемой в центрифужных концентраторах, с последующим подсчетом с помощью электронного микроскопа. В качестве модельного объекта были выбраны env-псевдовирусы, созданные с использованием лентивирусной системы, которая позволяет получать стандартизованные образцы вирусоподобных частиц. Суспензию вирусных частиц (объемом 20 мл) помещали в центрифужный концентратор и центрифугировали. Затем извлекали мембрану из концентратора и оценивали количество осажденных на мембране частиц с помощью электронного микроскопа, используя метод ультратонких срезов. Количество вирусных частиц на всей поверхности фильтра (площадь 4 см2) составляло 4×107 вирионов, исходная концентрация псевдовирусов в образце – 2×106 на 1 мл (4×107 частиц/20 мл). Таким образом, предложенная методика позволяет преодолеть основной недостаток количественного определения вирусов с помощью электронной микроскопии, связанный с относительно высоким пределом обнаружения (107 частиц/мл). Кроме того, центрифужный концентратор дает возможность последовательно прогнать через один и тот же фильтр значительные объемы суспензии, содержащей вирусы, что также может привести к повышению чувствительности метода. Предложенный подход позволяет повысить чувствительность, точность и воспроизводимость количественного анализа различных образцов, содержащих вирусы животных, растений и человека, с использованием электронной микроскопии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. When studying samples containing viruses, one confronts an unavoidable question of the quantitative determination of viral particles in the sample. One of the simplest and efficient approaches to quantitative determination of viral particles in preparation includes the use of electron microscopy; however, a high detection threshold is a significant limitation of this method (107 particles per ml). Usually, such sensitivity is insufficient and can result in error diagnosis. This study aims to develop a method making it possible to detect the number of viral particles more precisely and work with samples in which the concentration of particles is lower than 107/ml. The method includes a concentration of viral particles on the polyethersulfone membrane applied in centrifugal concentrators and subsequent calculation using an electron microscope. We selected env-pseudoviruses using a lentiviral system making it possible to obtain standardized samples of virus-like particles that are safer than a live virus. Suspension of viral particles (a volume of 20 ml) was placed into the centrifugal concentrator and centrifuged. After that, we took a membrane out of the centrifugal concentrator and evaluated the number of particles on the ultrathin section using an electron microscope. The number of viral particles on the whole surface of the filter (a square of 4 сm2) was 4×107 virions, the initial concentration of pseudoviruses in the sample was 2×106 per 1 ml (4×107 particles per 20 ml). As a result, the developed method enables one to evade the major disadvantage of quantitative determination of viruses using electron microscopy regarding a high detection threshold (concentration of particles 107/ml). Furthermore, the centrifugal concentrator makes it possible to sequentially drift a considerable volume of the suspension through the filter resulting in enhancement of test sensitivity. The developed approach results in increased sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility of quantitative analysis of various samples containing animal, plant or human viruses using electron microscopy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>псевдовирусы</kwd><kwd>концентрирование</kwd><kwd>количество вирусных частиц</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>pseudoviruses</kwd><kwd>concentrating</kwd><kwd>number of viral particles</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>The study is supported (performed) as part of the GZ-7/18 contract of “Vector” State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology, Rospotrebnadzor and No. 18-34-00314 grant of the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study is supported (performed) as part of the GZ-7/18 contract of “Vector” State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology, Rospotrebnadzor and No. 18-34-00314 grant of the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blancett C.D., Fetterer D.P., Koistinen K.A., Morazzani E.M., Monninger M.K., Piper A.E., Kuehl K.A., Kearney B.J., Norris S.L., Rossi C.A., Glass P.J., Sun M.G. 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