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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-213</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ГЕНЕТИКА И ГЕНОМИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКА. ПОПУЛЯЦИИ И ЭТНОСЫ В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ И ВРЕМЕНИ: ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫЕ И МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боринская</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">nick.yankovsky@vigg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янковский</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">nick.yankovsky@vigg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова РАН, Москва, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4/2</issue><fpage>930</fpage><lpage>942</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Боринская С.А., Янковский Н.К., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Боринская С.А., Янковский Н.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Боринская С.А., Янковский Н.К.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/213">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/213</self-uri><abstract><p>Генетическая адаптация популяций человека к локальным условиям среды может быть представлена как возникновение новых аллелей в результате мутаций и последующее изменение частот аллелей в поколениях вследствие естественного отбора признаков, ассоциированных с этими аллелями и важных для выживания и успешной репродукции человека. Помимо процессов адаптации, на изменение частот аллелей влияют генетический дрейф и миграции. Исследование генетической адаптации человека занимает одно из центральных мест в биологической антропологии, генетике человека и эволюционной биологии и уже дало значительный вклад в понимание взаимодействия средовых и генетических факторов, влияющих на здоровье человека.</p><p>Ниже будут описаны подходы к поиску аллелей, определяющих приспособленность человека к действию факторов окружающей среды. Эти подходы потенциально приложимы не только к человеку, но и к другим животным и растениям. Исходной посылкой для применения этих подходов является перекрывание ареала действия конкретного фактора среды и ареала повышенной популяционной частоты аллеля, что позволяет предполагать их связь,хотя и не доказывает ее. Такое совпадение ареалов, после вычитания вклада случайных причин (генетический дрейф, генетическая подразделенность популяций), является основой для выдвижения и дальнейшей проверки гипотезы о роли данного фактора отбора в повышении частоты данного аллеля в популяциях человека. Прямое доказательство таких гипотез может быть получено, если удастся показать связь генотипа и фенотипа с приспособленностью к данному фактору отбора (выживаемость или репродуктивный успех) (Hancock et al., 2008, 2010а).</p><p>Мы привыкли сравнивать генетические особенности индивидов друг с другом. Индивид как единица учета был и остается необходимым, но позволяет установить лишь наличие аллеля, но не его частоту. Для придания «смысла» гену и конкретному аллелю нужно применить эволюционный подход. Для этого единицей учета должна стать популяция, а учитываемым признаком станет частота аллеля. При этом сравнивать друг с другом нужно признаки популяций (условия среды и частоты аллелей), а не признаки индивидов.</p></abstract><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Программа фундаментальных исследований Президиума РАН «Живая природа: современное состояние и проблемы развития», подпрограмма «Динамика и сохранение генофондов» и проект РФФИ 13-04-02095</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боринская С.А., Коротаев А.В. Количественный подход к изучению ген-культурных взаимодействий // Антропология на пороге III тысячелетия. М.: Старый Сад, 2003. Т. 1. С. 503–517.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Боринская С.А., Коротаев А.В. Количественный подход к изучению ген-культурных взаимодействий // Антропология на пороге III тысячелетия. М.: Старый Сад, 2003. Т. 1. 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