<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-215</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПАЛЕОГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пилипенко</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">alexpil@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4/2</issue><fpage>957</fpage><lpage>971</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пилипенко А.С., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пилипенко А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Пилипенко А.С.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/215">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/215</self-uri><abstract><p>Человек был и остается одним из наиболее интенсивно и разносторонне исследуемых объектов. Среди научных направлений, занятых изучением человека, в последние десятилетия ключевую роль играет молекулярная генетика, исследующая генетическое разнообразие популяций человека, принципы организации и функционирования генома человека. Геном представляет собой совокупность наследственного материала (ДНК), заключенного в клетке человека: ядерный геном, включающий 23 пары хромосом, и митохондриальную ДНК (мтДНК) (всего ~ 3 млрд пар оснований). Расшифровка полной последовательности генома человека в рамках международной программы «Геном человека» позволила молекулярной генетике стать ведущим направлением биомедицинских исследований человека. Несмотря на интенсивные исследования, огромное количество молекулярно-генетических проблем, связанных с происхождением и эволюцией человека как вида, историей популяций человека, функционированием генома, развитием заболеваний, все еще остаются до конца не решенными. Для их решения в рамках комплексного молекулярно-генетического исследования человека формируются и получают развитие все новые направления и подходы. Непрерывное совершенствование методов получения и анализа структуры образцов ДНК позволило не только полноценно использовать молекулярно-генетические методы для анализа материалов, полученных от ныне живущих людей, но и включить в число объектов исследования ДНК из останков человека различного возраста, т. е. проводить генетическое исследование древних людей. Рассмотрению этого направления молекулярной генетики, получившего название палеогенетики человека, посвящена данная статья.</p></abstract><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Междисциплинарный интеграционный проект СО РАН № 32 (2012–2014); гранты РФФИ 13-06-12063-ОФИ-м;12-04-31818-мол-а</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Деревянко А.П. Новые археологические открытия на Алтае и проблема формирования Homo sapiens. Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2012. 132 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Деревянко А.П. Новые археологические открытия на Алтае и проблема формирования Homo sapiens. Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2012. 132 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малярчук Б.А., Деренко М.В. Филогеографические аспекты изменчивости митохондриального генома человека // Информ. вестн. ВОГиС. 2006. Т. 10. № 1. C. 41–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Малярчук Б.А., Деренко М.В. Филогеографические аспекты изменчивости митохондриального генома человека // Информ. вестн. ВОГиС. 2006. Т. 10. № 1. C. 41–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пилипенко А.С., Молодин В.И. Палеогенетический анализ в археологических исследованиях // Информ. вестн. ВОГиС. 2010. T. 14. № 2. С. 280–311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Пилипенко А.С., Молодин В.И. Палеогенетический анализ в археологических исследованиях // Информ. вестн. ВОГиС. 2010. T. 14. № 2. С. 280–311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bramanti B., Thomas M.G., Haak W. et al. Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and Central Europe’s fi rst farmers // Science. 2009. V. 326. P. 137–140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bramanti B., Thomas M.G., Haak W. et al. Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and Central Europe’s fi rst farmers // Science. 2009. V. 326. P. 137–140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burger J., Kirchner M., Bramanti B. et al. Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2007. V. 104. P. 3736–3741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burger J., Kirchner M., Bramanti B. et al. Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2007. V. 104. P. 3736–3741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cann R.L., Stoneking M., Wilson A.C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution // Nature. 1987. V. 325. No. 1. P. 31–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cann R.L., Stoneking M., Wilson A.C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution // Nature. 1987. V. 325. No. 1. P. 31–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cano R.J., Poinar H.N., Poinar Jr G.O. Isolation and partial characterisation of DNA from the bee Proplebeia dominicana (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in 25–40 million year old amber // Med. Sci. Res. 1992. V. 20. V. 249–251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cano R.J., Poinar H.N., Poinar Jr G.O. Isolation and partial characterisation of DNA from the bee Proplebeia dominicana (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in 25–40 million year old amber // Med. Sci. Res. 1992. V. 20. V. 249–251.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper A., Poinar H. Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all // Science. 2000. V. 289. P. 1139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper A., Poinar H. Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all // Science. 2000. V. 289. P. 1139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Der Sarkissian C., Balanovsky O., Brandt G. еt al. Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-fl ow from Siberia in the complex human population history of North East Europe // PloS Genet. 2013. V. 9. No. 2. e1003296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Der Sarkissian C., Balanovsky O., Brandt G. еt al. Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-fl ow from Siberia in the complex human population history of North East Europe // PloS Genet. 2013. V. 9. No. 2. e1003296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drancourt M., Aboudharam G., Signoli M. et al. Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1998. V. 95. P. 12637–12640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drancourt M., Aboudharam G., Signoli M. et al. Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia // Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1998. V. 95. P. 12637–12640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golenberg E.M., Giannassi D.E., Clegg M.T. et al. Chloroplast DNA from a Miocene Magnolia species // Nature. 1990. V. 344. P. 656–658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golenberg E.M., Giannassi D.E., Clegg M.T. et al. Chloroplast DNA from a Miocene Magnolia species // Nature. 1990. V. 344. P. 656–658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W. et al. A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome // Science. 2010. V. 328. P. 710–722.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W. et al. A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome // Science. 2010. V. 328. P. 710–722.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green R.E., Malaspinas A.S., Krause J. et al. A complete Neanderthal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing // Cell. 2008. V. 134. P. 416–426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green R.E., Malaspinas A.S., Krause J. et al. A complete Neanderthal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing // Cell. 2008. V. 134. P. 416–426.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haak V., Balanovsky O., Sanchez J.J. et al. Ancient DNA from Eoropean early Neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affi nities // PLoS Biol. 2010. V. 8. No. 11. e1000536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haak V., Balanovsky O., Sanchez J.J. et al. Ancient DNA from Eoropean early Neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affi nities // PLoS Biol. 2010. V. 8. No. 11. e1000536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haak W., Forster P., Bramanti B. et al. Ancient DNA from the fi rst European farmers in 7500-year-old neolithic sites // Science. 2005. V. 305. P. 1016–1018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haak W., Forster P., Bramanti B. et al. Ancient DNA from the fi rst European farmers in 7500-year-old neolithic sites // Science. 2005. V. 305. P. 1016–1018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higuchi R., Bowman B., Freiberger M. et al. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family // Nature. 1984. V. 312. P. 282–284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higuchi R., Bowman B., Freiberger M. et al. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family // Nature. 1984. V. 312. P. 282–284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Itan Y., Powell A., Beaumont M.A. et al. The origins of lactase persistence in Europe // PLoS Comput. Biol. 2009. V. 5. No. 8. e1000491.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Itan Y., Powell A., Beaumont M.A. et al. The origins of lactase persistence in Europe // PLoS Comput. Biol. 2009. V. 5. No. 8. e1000491.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaestle F.A., Horsburgh K.A. Ancient DNA in anthropology: methods, applications, and ethics // Yearbook of Phys. Anthropol. 2002. V. 45. P. 92–130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaestle F.A., Horsburgh K.A. Ancient DNA in anthropology: methods, applications, and ethics // Yearbook of Phys. Anthropol. 2002. V. 45. P. 92–130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karafet T.M., Mendez F.L., Meilerman M.B. et al. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree // Genome Res. 2008. V. 18. P. 830–838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karafet T.M., Mendez F.L., Meilerman M.B. et al. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree // Genome Res. 2008. V. 18. P. 830–838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000 year-old necropolis in the egyin gol valley of Mongolia // Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003. V. 73. P. 247–260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000 year-old necropolis in the egyin gol valley of Mongolia // Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003. V. 73. P. 247–260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirsanow K., Burger J. Ancient human DNA // Ann. Anat. 2012. V. 194. P. 121–132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirsanow K., Burger J. Ancient human DNA // Ann. Anat. 2012. V. 194. P. 121–132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause J., Briggs A.W., Kircher M. et al. A complete mtDNA genome of an early modern human from Kostenki, Russia // Curr. Biol. 2010a. V. 20. P. 1–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause J., Briggs A.W., Kircher M. et al. A complete mtDNA genome of an early modern human from Kostenki, Russia // Curr. Biol. 2010a. V. 20. P. 1–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause J., Fu Q., Good J.M. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia // Nature. 2010b. V. 464. P. 894–897.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause J., Fu Q., Good J.M. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia // Nature. 2010b. V. 464. P. 894–897.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krings M., Stone A., Schmitz R.W. et al. Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans // Cell. 1997. V. 90. P. 19–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krings M., Stone A., Schmitz R.W. et al. Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans // Cell. 1997. V. 90. P. 19–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krings M., Capelli C., Tschentscher F. et al. A view of Neanderthal genetic diversity // Nat. Genet. 2000. V. 26. P. 144–146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krings M., Capelli C., Tschentscher F. et al. A view of Neanderthal genetic diversity // Nat. Genet. 2000. V. 26. P. 144–146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge M.T. et al. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual // Science. 2012. V. 338. P. 222–226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge M.T. et al. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual // Science. 2012. V. 338. P. 222–226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molodin V.I., Pilipenko A.S., Romaschenko A.G. et al. Human migrations in the southern region of the West Siberian Plain during the Bronze Age: archaeological, palaeogenetic and anthropological data // Population Dynamics in Pre- and Early History: New Approaches Using Stable Isotopes and Genetics. Berlin, 2012. P. 95–113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodin V.I., Pilipenko A.S., Romaschenko A.G. et al. Human migrations in the southern region of the West Siberian Plain during the Bronze Age: archaeological, palaeogenetic and anthropological data // Population Dynamics in Pre- and Early History: New Approaches Using Stable Isotopes and Genetics. Berlin, 2012. P. 95–113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oven van M., Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation // Hum. Mutat. 2009. V. 30. P. E386–E394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oven van M., Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation // Hum. Mutat. 2009. V. 30. P. E386–E394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paabo S. Molecular cloning of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA // Nature. 1985. V. 314. P. 644–645.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paabo S. Molecular cloning of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA // Nature. 1985. V. 314. P. 644–645.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paabo S., Higuchi R.G., Wilson A.C. Ancient DNA and the polymerase chain reaction // J. Biol. Chem. 1989. V. 264. P. 9709–9712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paabo S., Higuchi R.G., Wilson A.C. Ancient DNA and the polymerase chain reaction // J. Biol. Chem. 1989. V. 264. P. 9709–9712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paabo S., Poinar H., Serre D. et al. Genetic analyses from ancient DNA // Annu. Rev. Genet. 2004. V. 38. P. 645–679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paabo S., Poinar H., Serre D. et al. Genetic analyses from ancient DNA // Annu. Rev. Genet. 2004. V. 38. P. 645–679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poinar H.N., Hoss M., Bada J.L., Paabo S. Amino acid racemization and the preservation of ancient DNA // Science. 1996. V. 272. P. 864–866.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poinar H.N., Hoss M., Bada J.L., Paabo S. Amino acid racemization and the preservation of ancient DNA // Science. 1996. V. 272. P. 864–866.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasmussen M., Guo X., Wang Y. et al. An aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia // Science. 2011. V. 334. P. 94–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasmussen M., Guo X., Wang Y. et al. An aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia // Science. 2011. V. 334. P. 94–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M. et al. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia //Nature. 2010. V. 468. P. 1053–1060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M. et al. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia //Nature. 2010. V. 468. P. 1053–1060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richards M.B., Sykes B.C., Hedges R.M. Authenticating DNA extracted from ancient skeletal remains // J. Archaeol. Sci. 1995. V. 22. P. 291–299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richards M.B., Sykes B.C., Hedges R.M. Authenticating DNA extracted from ancient skeletal remains // J. Archaeol. Sci. 1995. V. 22. P. 291–299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stoneking M. Ancient DNA: how do you know when you have it and what can you do with it? // Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1995. V. 57. P. 1259–1262.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stoneking M. Ancient DNA: how do you know when you have it and what can you do with it? // Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1995. V. 57. P. 1259–1262.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stringer C. Modern human origins: progress and prospects // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2002. V. 357. P. 563–579.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stringer C. Modern human origins: progress and prospects // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2002. V. 357. P. 563–579.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas R.H., Schaffner W., Wilson A.C., Paabo S. DNA phylogeny of the extinct marsupial wolf // Nature. 1989. V. 340. P. 465–467.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas R.H., Schaffner W., Wilson A.C., Paabo S. DNA phylogeny of the extinct marsupial wolf // Nature. 1989. V. 340. P. 465–467.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thorne A.G., Wolpoff M.H. The multiregional evolution of humans // Sci. Am. 1992. V. 266. Nо. 4. P. 76–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thorne A.G., Wolpoff M.H. The multiregional evolution of humans // Sci. Am. 1992. V. 266. Nо. 4. P. 76–79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torroni A., Achilli A., Macaulay V. et al. Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree // Trends Genet. 2006. V. 22. P. 339–345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torroni A., Achilli A., Macaulay V. et al. Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree // Trends Genet. 2006. V. 22. P. 339–345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Underhill P.A., Kivisild T. Use of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations // Annu. Rev. Genet. 2007. V. 41. P. 539–564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Underhill P.A., Kivisild T. Use of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA population structure in tracing human migrations // Annu. Rev. Genet. 2007. V. 41. P. 539–564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willerslev E., Cooper A. Ancient DNA // Proc. Biol. Sci. 2005. V. 272. P. 3–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willerslev E., Cooper A. Ancient DNA // Proc. Biol. Sci. 2005. V. 272. P. 3–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Witas H.W., Zawicki P. Allele protecting against HIV (CCR5-delta32) identifi ed in early medieval specimens from Central Poland. Preliminary results // Anthropol. Rev. 2006. V. 69. P. 49–53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Witas H.W., Zawicki P. Allele protecting against HIV (CCR5-delta32) identifi ed in early medieval specimens from Central Poland. Preliminary results // Anthropol. Rev. 2006. V. 69. P. 49–53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
