References

vavilov

Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding

2500-3259

Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS

10.18699/VJ20.599

vavilov-2484

Research Article

БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ В ПОСТГЕНОМНУЮ ЭРУ

MEDICAL GENETICS

Лонгитюдные генетические исследования когнитивных характеристик

Longitudinal genetic studies of cognitive characteristics

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-382X

Мустафин

Р. Н.

Mustafin

R. N.

Уфа

Ufa

ruji79@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3744-8058

Казанцева

А. В.

Kazantseva

A. V.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-5283

Еникеева

Р. Ф.

Enikeeva

R. F.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-7447

Малых

С. Б.

Malykh

S. B.

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-3334

Хуснутдинова

Э. К.

Khusnutdinova

E. K.

Башкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian Federation

Институт биохимии и генетики - обособленное структурное подразделение Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра, Российская академия наукРоссияInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation

Психологический институт, Российская академия образования; Московский государственный университет им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияPsychological Institute of the Russian Academy of EducationRussian Federation

Институт биохимии и генетики - обособленное структурное подразделение Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра, Российская академия наук; Московский государственный университет им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory of psychology of professions and conflictsRussian Federation

2020

18032020

2418795

2020

Мустафин Р.Н., Казанцева А.В., Еникеева Р.Ф., Малых С.Б., Хуснутдинова Э.К.

Mustafin R.N., Kazantseva A.V., Enikeeva R.F., Malykh S.B., Khusnutdinova E.K.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2484

Рассмотрена роль лонгитюдных исследований когнитивных характеристик в определении причин, влияющих на познание, с целью возможной их коррекции для улучшения познавательных навыков. В данных исследованиях показано, что на развитие когнитивных функций влияют такие средовые факторы, как качество нутриентов, стресс во время гестации и характер социального окружения. Выявлены специфические эпигенетические изменения, выступающие в качестве посредников между генотипом и средой в реализации когнитивных функций. В связи с важным значением эпигенома перспективна разработка методов терапии когнитивных расстройств с использованием агентов, влияющих на метилирование и модификации гистонов. Развивающимся направлением в этой области является изучение некодирующих РНК, которые способны модифицировать эпигенетические факторы. За последние годы проведены широкомасштабные метаанализы результатов исследований роли генетических ассоциаций с различными когнитивными характеристиками. Показано значение активно экспрессирующихся в головном мозге генов, таких как BDNF, COMT, CADM2, CYP2D6, APBA1, CHRNA7, PDE1C, PDE4B, PDE4D. С физиологическим познанием оказались ассоциированы гены, вовлеченные в развитие психических заболеваний (MEF2C, CYP2D6, FAM109B, SEPT3, NAGA, TCF20, NDUFA6). В развитие психических заболеваний с когнитивным дефицитом вовлечены гены, участвующие в метилировании ДНК (DNMT1, DNMT3B, FTO), модификации гистонов (CREBBP, CUL4B, EHMT1, EP300, EZH2, HLCS, HUWE1, KAT6B, KMT2A, KMT2D, KMT2C, NSD1, WHSC1, UBE2A) и моделировании хроматина (ACTB, ARID1A, ARID1B, ATRX, CHD2, CHD7, CHD8, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, SRCAP, SS18L1), которые имеют значение в регуляции когнитивных функций у здоровых людей. Приведены данные, позволяющие предположить, что трансгенерационное наследование когнитивных характеристик связано с некодирующими РНК, а также со способностью мобильных элементов, инсертированных в межгенные области, влиять на регуляцию функционирующих в головном мозге генов за счет процессинга транскриптов транспозо-нов в некодирующие РНК. Особенности состава, количества и распределения в геноме мобильных элементов, которые не изменяют нуклеотидные последовательности белок-кодирующих генов, но влияют на их экспрессию, могут передаваться из поколения в поколение.

The present review describes longitudinal studies of cognitive traits and functions determining the causes of their variations and their possible correction to prevent cognitive impairment. The present study reviews the involvement of such environmental factors as nutrition, prenatal maternal stress, social isolation and others in cognitive functioning. The role of epigenetic factors in the implementation of environmental effects in cognitive characteristics is revealed. Considering the epigenome significance, several studies were focused on the design of substances affecting methylation and histone modification, which can be used for the treatment of cognitive disorders. The appropriate correction of epigenetic factors related to environmental differences in cognitive abilities requires to determine the mechanisms of chromatin modifications and variations in DNA methylation. Transposons representing stress-sensitive DNA elements appeared to mediate the environmental influence on epigenetic modifications. They can explain the mechanism of transgenerational transfer of information on cognitive abilities. Recently, large-scale meta-analyses based on the results of studies, which identified genetic associations with various cognitive traits, were carried out. As a result, the role of genes actively expressed in the brain, such as BDNF, COMT, CADM2, CYP2D6, APBA1, CHRNA7, PDE1C, PDE4B, and PDE4D in cognitive abilities was revealed. The association between cognitive functioning and genes, which have been previously involved in developing psychiatric disorders (MEF2C, CYP2D6, FAM109B, SEPT3, NAGA, TCF20, NDUFA6 genes), was revealed, thus indicating the role of the similar mechanisms of genetic and neural networks in both normal cognition and cognitive impairment. An important role in both processes belongs to common epigenetic factors. The genes involved in DNA methylation (DNMT1, DNMT3B, and FTO), histone modifications (CREBBP, CUL4B, EHMT1, EP300, EZH2, HLCS, HUWE1, KAT6B, KMT2A, KMT2D, KMT2C, NSD1, WHSC1, and UBE2A) and chromatin remodeling (ACTB, ARID1A, ARID1B, ATRX, CHD2, CHD7, CHD8, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, SRCAP, and SS18L1) are associated with increased risk of psychiatric diseases with cognitive deficiency together with normal cognitive functioning. The data on the correlation between transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of cognitive abilities and the insert of transposable elements in intergenic regions is discussed. Transposons regulate genes functioning in the brain due to the processing of their transcripts into non-coding RNAs. The content, quantity and arrangement of transposable elements in human genome, which do not affect changes in nucleotide sequences of protein encoding genes, but affect their expression, can be transmitted to the next generation.

головной мозгкогнитивные характеристикилонгитюдные исследованиятранспозоны

braincognitive functionslongitudinal studiestransposable elements

The present study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 17-78-30028)

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.