vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ20.628vavilov-2644Research ArticleАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ БИОТЕХНОЛОГИИPLANT BREEDINGПолегание пшеницы: генетические и экологические факторы и способы преодоленияLodging in wheat: genetic and environmental factors and ways of overcominghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7714-5609АгееваЕ. В.AgeevaE. V.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

elenakolomeec@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0545ЛеоноваИ. Н.LeonovaI. N.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

ЛихенкоИ. Е.LikhenkoI. E.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

Сибирский научно-исследовательский институт растениеводства и селекции – филиал Федерального исследовательского центра Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияSiberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202002072020244356362Copyright © Агеева Е.В., Леонова И.Н., Лихенко И.Е., 20202020Агеева Е.В., Леонова И.Н., Лихенко И.Е.Ageeva E.V., Leonova I.N., Likhenko I.E.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2644

Полегание является одной из основных проблем снижения урожайности и качества зерна озимой и яровой пшеницы. Устойчивость этой культуры к полеганию в значительной степени зависит от факторов внешней среды, биологических и морфологических особенностей стебля и корневой системы. Селекция сортов на устойчивость к полеганию актуальна во многих странах мира, и в данном направлении получен ряд достижений. Высота растений – важный морфологический признак, связанный с устойчивостью к полеганию. Основным направлением для снижения риска возникновения полегания стало выведение сортов, несущих гены короткостебельности (Rht). Гены Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht8, Rht11 получили широкое распространение во всем мире среди сортов мягкой пшеницы благодаря значительному влиянию на хозяйственно ценные признаки, включая полегание. Немаловажным оказалось изучение анатомо-морфологических особенностей и химического состава тканей стебля, которые дополняют оценку устойчивости к полеганию и позволяют более полно характеризовать изучаемый сортовой материал. Особенно большую роль в прочности стебля многие исследователи отводят толщине стенок междоузлий и их анатомическому строению. Диаметр соломины, ее толстостенность и вес, большое количество сосудистых пучков и широкое кольцо механических тканей коррелируют с устойчивостью к полеганию. Важными структурными компонентами, обеспечивающими прочность стебля у пшеницы, являются содержание лигнина, кремния и целлюлозы. Большое значение в выявлении генетической основы взаимоотношений между анатомическими и морфофизиологическими признаками стебля и корневой системы и полеганием имеют молекулярно-генетический анализ и картирование генов и локусов количественных признаков. Генетические факторы, отражающие корреляции между полеганием и толщиной стенки стебля, числом проводящих пучков и другими параметрами, были картированы в хромосомах 1А, 1B, 2A, 2D, 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5D, 6D и 7D. Установлено, что локусы с высоким фенотипическим эффектом в отношении толерантности к полеганию колокализуются с локусами, ответственными за высоту растения, диаметр и прочность стебля. Для повышения устойчивости к полеганию необходимы разработка комплекса агротехнических методов, снижающих влияние почвенноклиматических факторов, и создание толерантных к полеганию сортов.

Lodging is one of the main factors in reducing the yield and grain quality of winter and spring wheat varieties. The resistance of wheat cultivars to lodging largely depends on environmental factors, biological and morphological features of the stem and root systems. Selection of the varieties for resistance to lodging is relevant in many countries of the world and has a number of achievements. Plant height is one of the most important morphological characters associated with lodging resistance. Breeding of the varieties carrying the dwarfing genes (Rht) is the main direction to reduce the risk of lodging. The Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht8 and Rht11 genes are widely used throughout the world due to their significant influence on agronomically valuable traits, including lodging. It turned out to be important to study the anatomical and morphological features and chemical composition of stem tissues, which complement the assessment of resistance to lodging and allow the varietal material to be more fully characterized. The thickness of stem internodes and their anatomical structure play an important role in the stem strength. The diameter of the stem, its thickness and weight, a large number of vascular bundles and a wide ring of mechanical tissues correlate with resistance to lodging. The content of lignin, silicon and cellulose are important structural components and provide the stem strength of wheat plants. Molecular genetic analysis and mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci are of great importance in identifying the genetic basis of the relationship between the anatomical and morphophysiological characters of the stem and root system and lodging. Genetic factors reflecting correlations between the lodging and the thickness of the stem wall, the number of vascular bundles and other characters were mapped to chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2A, 2D, 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5D, 6D and 7D. It has been found that loci with high phenotypic effects on lodging tolerance are colocalized with loci responsible for plant height, stem diameter and stem strength. To increase resistance to lodging, it is necessary to develop a set of agrotechnical methods that reduce the influence of soil and climatic factors and create wheat varieties tolerant to lodging.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.