vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ20.633vavilov-2650Research ArticleЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА И ВИДООБРАЗОВАНИЕEVOLUTIONARY GENETICS AND SPECIATIONПричины глобальных вымираний в истории жизни: факты и гипотезыCauses of global extinctions in the history of life: facts and hypothesesХлебодароваТ. М.KhlebodarovaT. M.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

tamara@bionet.nsc.ruЛихошвайВ. А.LikhoshvaiV. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202002072020244407419Copyright © Хлебодарова Т.М., Лихошвай В.А., 20202020Хлебодарова Т.М., Лихошвай В.А.Khlebodarova T.M., Likhoshvai V.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2650

Палеонтологи характеризуют глобальные вымирания на Земле как потерю ~3/4 существующего биоразнообразия на большей части земного шара за относительно короткий геологический промежуток времени. В палеонтологической летописи Земли, описывающей период фанерозоя (~500 млн лет), документировано как минимум пять таких глобальных вымираний: ~65, 200, 260, 380 и 440 млн лет назад. Существуют данные о возможности глобальных вымираний в более отдаленные периоды жизни на Земле – в позднем кембрии (~500 млн лет назад) и эдиакарии (более 540 млн лет назад). Общего мнения о причинах их возникновения до сих пор не сформировано. В настоящем обзоре систематизированы документированные факты глобальных вымираний сложных форм жизни на Земле с момента их возникновения в эдиакарии и до современного периода. Рассматриваются возможные причины их возникновения с точки зрения воздействия абиогенных факторов, планетарных или астрономических, и последствий их действия. Анализируются данные «за» и «против» гипотезы периодичности массовых вымираний биоразнообразия морской биоты в фанерозойский период. Обсуждаются факты, позволяющие высказывать гипотезы о наличии дополнительных механизмов возникновения кризисов в эволюции сложных форм жизни на Земле, связанных с различными внутренними биотическими факторами. Развивая тему внутренних причин периодичности и прерывистости эволюционного процесса, мы высказываем собственную, оригинальную гипотезу, согласно которой глобальные вымирания являются отражением сложной динамики изменения уровня биоразнообразия на Земле и следствием феномена бистабильности. Этот феномен возникает только в экосистеме, бóльшая часть организмов которой размножается половым путем. Данная гипотеза говорит о том, что, если бы даже не было никаких глобальных катастроф абиотического характера, кризисы в развитии биоты возникали бы все равно. Однако гипотеза не исключает, что в определенные моменты времени биота Земли подвергалась мощным внешним воздействиям, оказавшим существенное влияние на ее дальнейшее развитие, что нашло отражение в конкретных палеонтологических данных.

Paleontologists define global extinctions on Earth as a loss of about three-quarters of plant and animal species over a relatively short period of time. At least five global extinctions are documented in the Phanerozoic fossil record (~500-million-year period): ~65, 200, 260, 380, and 440 million years ago. In addition, there is evidence of global extinctions in earlier periods of life on Earth – during the Late Cambrian (~500 million years ago) and Ediacaran periods (more than 540 million years ago). There is still no common opinion on the causes of their occurrence. The current study is a systematized review of the data on recorded extinctions of complex life forms on Earth from the moment of their occurrence during the Ediacaran period to the modern period. The review discusses possible causes for mass extinctions in the light of the influence of abiogenic factors, planetary or astronomical, and the consequences of their actions. We evaluate the pros and cons of the hypothesis on the presence of periodicity in the extinction of Phanerozoic marine biota. Strong evidence that allows us to hypothesize that additional mechanisms associated with various internal biotic factors are responsible for the emergence of extinctions in the evolution of complex life forms is discussed. Developing the idea of the internal causes of periodicity and discontinuity in evolution, we propose our own original hypothesis, according to which the bistability phenomenon underlies the complex dynamics of the biota development, which is manifested in the form of global extinctions. The bistability phenomenon arises only in ecosystems with predominant sexual reproduction. Our hypothesis suggests that even in the absence of global abiotic catastrophes, extinctions of biota would occur anyway. However, our hypothesis does not exclude the possibility that in different periods of the Earth’s history the biota was subjected to powerful external influences that had a significant impact on its further development, which is reflected in the Earth’s fossil record.

палеонтологическая летопись Землиэволюция глобальных экосистеммассовые вымираниядинамические системысложная динамикапериодичностьмоделированиеEarth’s fossil recordevolution of global ecosystemsmass extinctionsdynamic systemscomplex dynamicsperiodicitymodelingThe study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in the framework of the scientific project 19-14-50159. The authors are grateful to V.V. Suslov for critical comments and useful discussions during manuscript preparation and T. Kalymbetova for the translation of the article from Russian into English.ReferencesAlroy J. Colloquium paper: dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105(Suppl. 1):11536-11542. DOI 10.1073/pnas.0802597105.Alroy J. Colloquium paper: dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105(Suppl. 1):11536-11542. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.