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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ20.634</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-2651</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА И ВИДООБРАЗОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS AND SPECIATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Метод выявления и определения типов несоответствий между филогенетическими деревьями, построенными по ядерным и митохондриальным маркерам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diagnosis of the mechanisms of different types of discordances between phylogenies inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial markers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3234-8955</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Порошина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poroshina</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.poroshina@lin.irk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-392X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербаков</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sherbakov</surname><given-names>D. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2950-9762</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перетолчина</surname><given-names>Т. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Peretolchina</surname><given-names>T. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Лимнологический институт Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Limnological Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>420</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Порошина А.А., Щербаков Д.Ю., Перетолчина Т.Е., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Порошина А.А., Щербаков Д.Ю., Перетолчина Т.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poroshina A.A., Sherbakov D.Y., Peretolchina T.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2651">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2651</self-uri><abstract><p>В древних пресноводных озерах наблюдается аномально большой видовой состав организмов. Механизмы, которые обусловили формирование биоразнообразия в древних озерах, еще недостаточно изучены. Микроэволюционные процессы, приводящие в конечном итоге к видообразованию, включают в себя в качестве элементарных процессов изменения численности особей, миграцию и репродуктивную изоляцию. В природных условиях, особенно в такой сложной экосистеме, как экосистема Байкала, комбинации микроэволюционных процессов могут носить самый причудливый характер и порождать необычные «узоры» генетической изменчивости видов. К наиболее необычным следам сложных видообразовательных процессов относятся унаследованный полиморфизм, а также митохондриальная и ядерная интрогрессии. Эти явления диагностируются на основании сравнения топологий филогенетических деревьев, построенных по ядерным и митохондриальным молекулярным маркерам эволюции. Особенно интересный и сложный случай – митохондриальная и ядерная интрогрессия, представляющая собой процесс включения аллелей генов одного вида в генофонд сестринского вида при межвидовой гибридизации (интрогрессивная гибридизация). Часто существующие методы анализа генетического полиморфизма не позволяют автоматически находить объяснение наблюдаемых картин полиморфизма и, следовательно, предлагать гипотезы, которые бы раскрыли механизмы, породившие эти картины. В настоящей работе мы используем модели адаптивной динамики для изучения нейтральной молекулярной эволюции при различных сценариях взаимодействия между сестринскими видами и окружающей средой. Мы предлагаем набор критериев для определения того, как могут различаться два эволюционных дерева, построенных с использованием последовательностей ядерной и митохондриальной ДНК. Моделирование показывает, что критерии позволяют быстро и автоматически выявлять различные типы интрогрессии, вторичные нарушения репродуктивных барьеров и неполное расхождение видов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In ancient freshwater lakes, an abnormally large species diversity is observed. The mechanisms that g nerated extremely high biodiversity in the ancient lakes have not been sufficiently studied and remain only partially known. Sequences of environmental changes in highly complex ecosystems such as Lake Baikal, may induce sophisticated combinations of microevolutionary processes. These processes are likely to result in unusual “patterns” of genetic variability of species. The most unusual patterns include the ones when speciation is followed by incomplete lineage sorting as well as mitochondrial or nuclear introgression. All these phenomena are diagnosed by comparing the topologies of phylogenetic trees inferred from molecular markers of evolution located in mitochondria and nuclei. Mitochondrial and nuclear introgression is a particularly interesting and complex case, which is the process of incorporating the gene alleles of one species into the gene pool of a sister species due to interspecific hybridization (introgressive hybridization). In many cases, existing methods for molecular phylogenetic analysis do not automatically allow the observed patterns of polymorphism to be explained and, therefore, cannot provide hypotheses that would explain the mechanisms which resulted to these patterns. Here we use adaptive dynamics models to study neutral molecular evolution under various scenarios of interaction between sister species and the environment. We propose and justify a set of criteria for detecting how two evolutionary trees may differ, with a special focus on comparing a tree inferred from nuclear DNA to one from mitochondrial DNA. The criteria react to branching pattern and branch lengths, including relative distances from ancestral lineages. Simulations show that the criteria allow fast and automated detection of various types of introgression, secondary breaches of reproductive barriers, and incomplete lineage sorting.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>митохондриальная интрогрессия</kwd><kwd>неполная сортировка родословной</kwd><kwd>древние озера</kwd><kwd>симпатрическое видообразование</kwd><kwd>парапатрическое видообразование</kwd><kwd>разногласия между филогениями</kwd><kwd>озеро Байкал</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mitochondrial introgression</kwd><kwd>incomplete lineage sorting</kwd><kwd>ancient lakes</kwd><kwd>sympatric speciation</kwd><kwd>parapatric speciation</kwd><kwd>disagreements between phylogenies</kwd><kwd>Lake Baikal</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was funded by the topic of budget financing of Limnological Institute SB RAS 0345-2016-0004 (AAAA-A16-116122110060-9).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anisimova M., Gascuel O. 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