vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ20.660vavilov-2782Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВMICROBIAL GENETICSПикобирнавирусы: распространенность, генетическое разнообразие, методы детекцииPicobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methodshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-7347КашниковА. Ю.KashnikovA. Yu.

Нижний Новгород

Nizhny Novgorod

a.kashn@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-8029ЕпифановаН. В.EpifanovaN. V.

Нижний Новгород

Nizhny Novgorod

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-6648НовиковаН. А.NovikovaN. A.

Нижний Новгород

Nizhny Novgorod

Нижегородский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. академика И.Н. Блохиной РоспотребнадзораРоссияI.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and MicrobiologyRussian Federation202028102020246661672Copyright © Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А., 20202020Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А.Kashnikov A.Y., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2782

Обзор посвящен пикобирнавирусам (ПБВ) – мелким безоболочечным изометрическим вирусам, таксономически относящимся к роду Picobirnavirus (PBV) семейства Picobirnaviridae, с геномом, представленным двумя сегментами двуцепочечной РНК. На основании публикаций за 1988–2019 гг. представлена информация о распространенности пикобирнавирусов в природе, о широком спектре поражаемых хозяев. Раскрыт оппортунистический характер ПБВ инфекции и подчеркивается отсутствие ясной картины в понимании роли ПБВ в качестве этиологического агента диареи, поскольку эти вирусы выявляются и при отсутствии симптомов заболевания. Рассматривается концепция, обосновывающая представление о ПБВ инфекции как о хроническом заболевании, обусловленном длительной персистенцией вируса в организме хозяина. Причины высокой частоты выявления ПБВ у людей и животных объясняются влиянием таких факторов, как стрессовый синдром, физиологическое состояние, иммунный статус и возраст хозяина при первичном инфицировании. Отмечается возможный зоонозный характер ПБВ инфекции человека, природа которого объясняется способностью этих вирусов к межвидовой трансмиссии, приобретенной в ходе эволюции благодаря реассортации сегментов генома разных вирусов, инфицировавших одного хозяина. Приводятся данные, доказывающие принадлежность ПБВ к вирусам эукариот, а также ставящая эти факты под сомнение гипотеза о возможной принадлежности ПБВ к вирусам бактерий. Подчеркнута необходимость активизации работ по выявлению ПБВ в связи с их широким распространением, несмотря на сложность из-за отсутствия системы для их культивирования. В качестве основных способов их детекции рассмотрены две стратегии ОТ-ПЦР ПБВ. Приведена характеристика геномов отдельных представителей рода, выделенных от разных хозяев. Акцент сделан на целесообразности разработки праймеров с более широкой специфичностью для увеличения диапазона выявляемых представителей рода ПБВ в связи с огромным разнообразием их генотипов. Подчеркивается важность эффективного мониторинга распространенности ПБВ для изучения их зоонозного и антропонозного потенциала с помощью метагеномного анализа, а также возможность использования этих вирусов в качестве перспективного маркера для мониторинга за чистотой окружающей среды.

This article presents a general overview of the prevalence, genetic diversity and detection methods of picobirnaviruses (PBVs), which are small, non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome consisting of two segments taxonomically related to the genus Picobirnavirus of the family Picobirnaviridae. This review of scientific papers published in 1988–2019 provides data on the PBV distribution in the nature and a broad host range. PBV infection is characterized as opportunistic, the lack of understanding of the etiological role of PBVs in diarrhea is emphasized, since these viruses are detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The concept of PBV infection as a chronic disease caused by a long-lasting persistence of the virus in the host is considered. Such factors as stress syndrome, physiological conditions, immune status and host age at the time of primary PBV infection influence the virus detection rate in humans and animals. The possible zoonotic nature of human PBV infection is noted due to the capacity for interspecies PBV transmission acquired during evolution as a result of the reassortment of the genome segments of different viruses infecting the same host. Data providing evidence that PBVs belong to eukaryotes and a challenging hypothesis stating that PBVs are bacterial viruses are presented. The need to intensify work on PBV detection because of their wide distribution, despite the complexity due to the lack of the cultivation system, is emphasized. Two strategies of RT-PCR as main PBV detection methods are considered. The genomes of individual representatives of the genus isolated from different hosts are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility of developing primers with broader specificity for expanding the range of identifiable representatives of the genus PBV due to a huge variety of their genotypes. The importance of effective monitoring of PBV prevalence for studying the zoonotic and anthroponotic potential using metagenomics analysis is highlighted, and so is the possibility of using PBV as a marker for environmental monitoring.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.