<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ20.663</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-2811</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ И БИОКОЛЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PLANT GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Структурно-функциональные особенности изоформ фитоинсинтазы PSY1 и PSY2 у сортов перца Capsicum annuum L.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Structural and functional features of phytoene synthase isoforms PSY1 and PSY2 in pepper Capsicum annuum L. cultivars</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-9751</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьяченко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyachenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3668-7601</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филюшин</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filyushin</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">michel7753@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2943-5118</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефремов</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efremov</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джос</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhos</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p><p>пос. ВНИИССОК, Московская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p><p>VNIISSOK village, Moscow region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4692-3727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щенникова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchennikova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6091-0765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочиева</surname><given-names>Е. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochieva</surname><given-names>E. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт биоинженерии, Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт биоинженерии, Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» Российской академии наук; Федеральный научный центр овощеводства<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Federal Scientific Vegetable Center<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>687</fpage><lpage>696</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дьяченко Е.А., Филюшин М.А., Ефремов Г.И., Джос Е.А., Щенникова А.В., Кочиева Е.З., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дьяченко Е.А., Филюшин М.А., Ефремов Г.И., Джос Е.А., Щенникова А.В., Кочиева Е.З.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dyachenko E.A., Filyushin M.A., Efremov G.I., Dzhos E.A., Shchennikova A.V., Kochieva E.Z.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2811">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2811</self-uri><abstract><p>Плоды сортов перца характеризуются различной окраской, которая определяется соотношением пигментов, при этом в спелых плодах доминируют каротиноиды, тогда как в неспелых – хлорофиллы (иногда вместе с антоцианами). Ключевым регулятором биосинтеза каротиноидов является фитоинсинтаза, кодируемая геном PSY. Геном перца Capsicum annuum содержит два гена, кодирующих фитоинсинтазы, одна из которых локализуется преимущественно в пластидах листа (PSY2), другая – в пластидах плода (PSY1). В данной работе были идентифицированы полногеномные последовательности PSY1 и PSY2 у девяти сортов C. annuum, различающихся окраской спелого плода. Вариабельность последовательностей составила 2.43 % (69 SNP) и 1.21 % (36 SNP). Наиболее вариабельны белки PSY1 сортов Мария (красный плод) и Сладкий шоколад (красно-коричневый плод). В последовательностях PSY1 и PSY2 определены фитоинсинтазный домен HH-IPPS и транзитный пептид. Идентифицированы функционально значимые участки в домене HH-IPPS PSY1 и PSY2 анализируемой выборки сортов перца. Для исследуемых образцов области, ограничивающие активные сайты (YAKTF и RAYV), аспартат-богатые субстрат-Mg2+-связывающие сайты (DELVD и DVGED) и другие функциональные сайты, консервативны. Транзитные пептиды были более вариабельны, их сходство у белков PSY1 и PSY2 не превышало 78.68 %. Биохимический анализ показал, что наибольшие количества хлорофиллов и каротиноидов среди исследуемой выборки содержатся в неспелых и спелых плодах сортов Сладкий шоколад и Шоколадный. Значительным содержанием хлорофиллов, но минимальным – каротиноидов отличались спелые плоды сорта Несозревающий (зеленый плод). Профиль экспрессии генов PSY1 и PSY2 был определен в перикарпе плода на трех стадиях созревания у сортов Желтый букет, Сладкий шоколад, Кармин и Несозревающий, контрастных по окраске спелого плода – желтой, коричневой, темно-красной и зеленой соответственно. В листьях исследуемых сортов уровни экспрессии PSY1 значительно варьировали. Для всех сортов был характерен рост транскрипции гена PSY1 по мере созревания плода, при этом в зрелом плоде максимальный уровень транскрипции выявлен у сорта Сладкий шоколад, а самый низкий – у сорта Несозревающий. Транскрипты PSY2 были выявлены не только в листе и незрелом плоде, но и в спелых плодах. Оценка возможной корреляции транскрипции PSY1 и PSY2 с суммарным содержанием каротиноидов и хлорофиллов показала, что имеется прямая зависимость между уровнем экспрессии гена PSY1 и каротиноидной пигментацией плода в процессе созревания. Высказано предположение, что у сорта Несозревающий отсутствие типичного для плодов перца паттерна пигментации перикарпа в процессе созревания может быть связано с нарушениями образования хромопластов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The fruits of various pepper cultivars are characterized by a different colour, which is determined by the pigment ratio; carotenoids dominate in ripe fruits, while chlorophylls, in immature fruits. A key regulator of carotenoid biosynthesis is the phytoene synthase encoded by the PSY gene. The Capsicum annuum genome contains two isoforms of this enzyme, localized in leaf (PSY2) and fruit (PSY1) plastids. In this work, the complete PSY1 and PSY2 genes were identified in nine C. annuum cultivars, which differ in ripe fruit colour. PSY1 and PSY2 sequence variability was 2.43 % (69 SNPs) and 1.21 % (36 SNPs). The most variable were PSY1 proteins of the cultivars ‘Maria’ (red-fruited) and ‘Sladkij shokolad’ (red-brown-fruited). All identified PSY1 and PSY2 homologs contained the phytoene synthase domain HH-IPPS and the transit peptide. In the PSY1 and PSY2 HH-IPPS domains, functionally significant sites were determined. For all accessions studied, the active sites (YAKTF and RAYV), aspartate-rich substrate-Mg2+-binding sites (DELVD and DVGED), and other functional residues were shown to be conserved. Transit peptides were more variable, and their similarity in the PSY1 and PSY2 proteins did not exceed 78.68 %. According to the biochemical data obtained, the largest amounts of chlorophylls and carotenoids across the cultivars studied were detected in immature and ripe fruits of the cv. ‘Sladkij shokolad’ and ‘Shokoladnyj’. Also, ripe fruits of the cv. ‘Nesozrevayuschij’ (green-fruited) were marked by significant chlorophyll content, but a minimum of carotenoids. The PSY1 and PSY2 expression patterns were determined in the fruit pericarp at three ripening stages in ‘Zheltyj buket’, ‘Sladkij shokolad’, ‘Karmin’ and ‘Nesozrevayuschij’, which have different ripe fruit colours: yellow, red-brown, dark red and green, respectively. In the leaves of the cultivars studied, PSY1 expression levels varied significantly. All cultivars were characterized by increased PSY1 transcription as the fruit ripened; the maximum transcription level was found in the ripe fruit of ‘Sladkij shokolad’, and the lowest, in ‘Nesozrevayuschij’. PSY2 transcripts were detected not only in the leaves and immature fruits, but also in ripe fruits. Assessment of a possible correlation of PSY1 and PSY2 transcription with carotenoid and chlorophyll content revealed a direct relationship between PSY1 expression level and carotenoid pigmentation during fruit ripening. It has been suggested that the absence of a typical pericarp pigmentation pattern in ‘Nesozrevayuschij’ may be associated with impaired chromoplast formation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>каротиногенез</kwd><kwd>Capsicum annuum</kwd><kwd>плоды перца</kwd><kwd>созревание плодов</kwd><kwd>окраска плода</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carotenogenesis</kwd><kwd>Capsicum annuum</kwd><kwd>pepper fruits</kwd><kwd>fruit ripening</kwd><kwd>fruit pigmentation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 19-16-00016) и частично Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (измерение содержания хлорофилла в плодах).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филюшин М.А., Джос Е.А., Щенникова А.В., Кочиева Е.З. Зависимость окраски плодов перца от соотношения основных пигментов и профиля экспрессии генов биосинтеза каротиноидов и антоцианов. Физиология растений. 2020;67(6):644-653. DOI 10.31857/S0015330320050048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filyushin M.A., Dzhos E.A., Shchennikova A.V., Kochieva E.Z. Dependence of pepper fruit colour on basic pigments ratio and expression pattern of carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2020;67(6):1054-1062. DOI 10.1134/S1021443720050040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bemer M., Karlova R., Ballester A.R., Tikunov Y.M., Bovy A.G., Wolters-Arts M., de Barros Rossetto P., Angenent G.C., de Maagd R.A. The tomato FRUITFULL homologs TDR4/FUL1 and MBP7/FUL2 regulate ethylene-independent aspects of fruit ripening. Plant Cell. 2012;24:4437. DOI 10.1105/tpc.112.103283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bemer M., Karlova R., Ballester A.R., Tikunov Y.M., Bovy A.G., Wolters-Arts M., de Barros Rossetto P., Angenent G.C., de Maagd R.A. The tomato FRUITFULL homologs TDR4/FUL1 and MBP7/FUL2 regulate ethylene-independent aspects of fruit ripening. Plant Cell. 2012;24:4437. DOI 10.1105/tpc.112.103283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry H.M., Rickett D.V., Baxter C.J., Enfissi E.M.A., Fraser P.D. Carotenoid biosynthesis and sequestration in red chilli pepper fruit and its impact on colour intensity traits. J. Exp. Bot. 2019;70(10):2637-2650. DOI 10.1093/jxb/erz086.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry H.M., Rickett D.V., Baxter C.J., Enfissi E.M.A., Fraser P.D. Carotenoid biosynthesis and sequestration in red chilli pepper fruit and its impact on colour intensity traits. J. Exp. Bot. 2019;70(10):2637-2650. DOI 10.1093/jxb/erz086.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao H., Luo H., Yuan H., Eissa M.A., Thannhauser T.W., Welsch R., Hao Y.-J., Cheng L., Li L. A neighboring aromatic-aromatic amino acid combination governs activity divergence between tomato phytoene synthases. Plant Physiol. 2019;180(4):1988-2003. DOI 10.1104/pp.19.00384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao H., Luo H., Yuan H., Eissa M.A., Thannhauser T.W., Welsch R., Hao Y.-J., Cheng L., Li L. A neighboring aromatic-aromatic amino acid combination governs activity divergence between tomato phytoene synthases. Plant Physiol. 2019;180(4):1988-2003. DOI 10.1104/pp.19.00384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cervantes-Paz B., Yahia E.M., Ornelas-Paz J.J., Victoria-Campos C.I., Ibarra-Junquera V., Pérez-Martínez J.D., Escalante-Minakata P. Antioxidant activity and content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in raw and heat-processed Jalapeño peppers at intermediate stages of ripening. Food Chem. 2014;146:188-196. DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cervantes-Paz B., Yahia E.M., Ornelas-Paz J.J., Victoria-Campos C.I., Ibarra-Junquera V., Pérez-Martínez J.D., Escalante-Minakata P. Antioxidant activity and content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in raw and heat-processed Jalapeño peppers at intermediate stages of ripening. Food Chem. 2014;146:188-196. DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deruère J., Römer S., d’Harlingue A., Backhaus R.A., Kuntz M., Camara B. Fibril assembly and carotenoid overaccumulation in chromoplasts: a model for supramolecular lipoprotein structures. Plant Cell. 1994;6:119-133. DOI 10.2307/3869680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deruère J., Römer S., d’Harlingue A., Backhaus R.A., Kuntz M., Camara B. Fibril assembly and carotenoid overaccumulation in chromoplasts: a model for supramolecular lipoprotein structures. Plant Cell. 1994;6:119-133. DOI 10.2307/3869680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dias G.B., Gomes V.M., Moraes T.M., Zottich U.P., Rabelo G.R., Carvalho A.O., Moulin M., Gonçalves L.S., Rodrigues R., Da Cunha M. Characterization of Capsicum species using anatomical and molecular data. Genet. Mol. Res. 2013;12:6488-6501. DOI 10.4238/2013.february.28.29. Enfissi E.M., Nogueira M., Bramley P.M., Fraser P.D. The regulation of carotenoid formation in tomato fruit. Plant J. 2017;89:774-788.DOI 10.1111/tpj.13428.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dias G.B., Gomes V.M., Moraes T.M., Zottich U.P., Rabelo G.R., Carvalho A.O., Moulin M., Gonçalves L.S., Rodrigues R., Da Cunha M. Characterization of Capsicum species using anatomical and molecular data. Genet. Mol. Res. 2013;12:6488-6501. DOI 10.4238/2013.february.28.29. Enfissi E.M., Nogueira M., Bramley P.M., Fraser P.D. The regulation of carotenoid formation in tomato fruit. Plant J. 2017;89:774-788.DOI 10.1111/tpj.13428.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fraser P.D., Enfissi E.M., Halket J.M., Truesdale M.R., Yu D., Gerrish C., Bramley P.M. Manipulation of phytoene levels in tomato fruit: effects on isoprenoids, plastids, and intermediary metabolism. Plant Cell. 2007;19(10):3194-3211. DOI 10.1105/tpc.106.049817.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fraser P.D., Enfissi E.M., Halket J.M., Truesdale M.R., Yu D., Gerrish C., Bramley P.M. Manipulation of phytoene levels in tomato fruit: effects on isoprenoids, plastids, and intermediary metabolism. Plant Cell. 2007;19(10):3194-3211. DOI 10.1105/tpc.106.049817.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fraser P.D., Schuch W., Bramley P.M. Phytoene synthase from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) chloroplasts – partial purification and biochemical properties. Planta. 2000;211:361-369. DOI 10.1007/s004250000293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fraser P.D., Schuch W., Bramley P.M. Phytoene synthase from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) chloroplasts – partial purification and biochemical properties. Planta. 2000;211:361-369. DOI 10.1007/s004250000293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giorio G., Stigliani A.L., D’Ambrosio C. Phytoene synthase genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) – new data on the structures, the deduced amino acid sequences and the expression patterns. FEBS J. 2008;275(3):527-535. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06219.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giorio G., Stigliani A.L., D’Ambrosio C. Phytoene synthase genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) – new data on the structures, the deduced amino acid sequences and the expression patterns. FEBS J. 2008;275(3):527-535. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06219.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giuffrida D., Dugo P., Torre G., Bignardi C., Cavazza A., Corradini C., Dugo G. Characterization of 12 Capsicum varieties by evaluation of their carotenoid profile and pungency determination. Food Chem. 2013;140(4):794-802. DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giuffrida D., Dugo P., Torre G., Bignardi C., Cavazza A., Corradini C., Dugo G. Characterization of 12 Capsicum varieties by evaluation of their carotenoid profile and pungency determination. Food Chem. 2013;140(4):794-802. DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giuliano G. Provitamin A biofortification of crop plants: a gold rush with many miners. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2017;44:169-180. DOI 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.02.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giuliano G. Provitamin A biofortification of crop plants: a gold rush with many miners. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2017;44:169-180. DOI 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.02.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ha S.H., Kim J.B., Park J.S., Lee S.-W., Cho K.-J. A comparison of the carotenoid accumulation in Capsicum varieties that show different ripening colours: deletion of the capsanthin–capsorubin synthase gene is not a prerequisite for the formation of a yellow pepper. J. Exp. Bot. 2007;58:3135-3144. DOI 10.1093/jxb/erm132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ha S.H., Kim J.B., Park J.S., Lee S.-W., Cho K.-J. A comparison of the carotenoid accumulation in Capsicum varieties that show different ripening colours: deletion of the capsanthin–capsorubin synthase gene is not a prerequisite for the formation of a yellow pepper. J. Exp. Bot. 2007;58:3135-3144. DOI 10.1093/jxb/erm132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howard L.R., Talcott S.T., Brenes C.H., Villalon B. Changes in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of selected pepper cultivars (Capsicum species) as influenced by maturity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000;48:1713-1720. DOI 10.1021/jf990916t.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howard L.R., Talcott S.T., Brenes C.H., Villalon B. Changes in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of selected pepper cultivars (Capsicum species) as influenced by maturity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000;48:1713-1720. DOI 10.1021/jf990916t.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jang S.J., Jeong H.B., Jung A., Kang M.-Y., Kim S., Ha S.-H., Kwon J.- K., Kang B.-C. Phytoene Synthase 2 can compensate for the absence of Psy1 in Capsicum fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 2020;71(12): 3417-3427. pii: eraa155. DOI 10.1093/jxb/eraa155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jang S.J., Jeong H.B., Jung A., Kang M.-Y., Kim S., Ha S.-H., Kwon J.- K., Kang B.-C. Phytoene Synthase 2 can compensate for the absence of Psy1 in Capsicum fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 2020;71(12): 3417-3427. pii: eraa155. DOI 10.1093/jxb/eraa155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kachanovsky D.E., Filler S., Isaacson T., Hirschberg J. Epistasis in tomato color mutations involves regulation of phytoene synthase 1 expression by cis-carotenoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012;109: 19021-19026. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1214808109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachanovsky D.E., Filler S., Isaacson T., Hirschberg J. Epistasis in tomato color mutations involves regulation of phytoene synthase 1 expression by cis-carotenoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012;109: 19021-19026. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1214808109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kilcrease J., Rodriguez-Uribe L., Richins R.D., Arcos J.M.G., Victorino J., O’Connell M.A. Correlations of carotenoid content and transcript abundances for fibrillin and carotenogenic enzymes in Capsicum annum fruit pericarp. Plant Sci. 2015;232:57-66. DOI 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kilcrease J., Rodriguez-Uribe L., Richins R.D., Arcos J.M.G., Victorino J., O’Connell M.A. Correlations of carotenoid content and transcript abundances for fibrillin and carotenogenic enzymes in Capsicum annum fruit pericarp. Plant Sci. 2015;232:57-66. DOI 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy A., Hare S., Palevitch D., Akiri B., Menagem E., Kanner J. Carotenoid pigments and β-carotene in paprika fruits (Capsicum spp.) with different genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995;43:362-366. DOI 10.1021/jf00050a019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy A., Hare S., Palevitch D., Akiri B., Menagem E., Kanner J. Carotenoid pigments and β-carotene in paprika fruits (Capsicum spp.) with different genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995;43:362-366. DOI 10.1021/jf00050a019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lichtenthaler H.K. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 1987;148:350-382. DOI 10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lichtenthaler H.K. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 1987;148:350-382. DOI 10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Márkus F., Daood H.G., Kapitaány J., Biacs P.A. Change in the carotenoid and antioxidant content of spice red pepper (paprika) as a function of ripening and some technological factors. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999;47:100-107. DOI 10.1021/jf980485z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Márkus F., Daood H.G., Kapitaány J., Biacs P.A. Change in the carotenoid and antioxidant content of spice red pepper (paprika) as a function of ripening and some technological factors. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999;47:100-107. DOI 10.1021/jf980485z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meléndez-Martínez A.J., Fraser P.D., Bramley P.M. Accumulation of health promoting phytochemicals in wild relatives of tomato and their contribution to in vitro antioxidant activity. Phytochemistry. 2010;71(10):1104-1114. DOI 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010. 03.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meléndez-Martínez A.J., Fraser P.D., Bramley P.M. Accumulation of health promoting phytochemicals in wild relatives of tomato and their contribution to in vitro antioxidant activity. Phytochemistry. 2010;71(10):1104-1114. DOI 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010. 03.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohd Hassan N., Yusof N.A., Yahaya A.F., Mohd Rozali N.N., Othman R. Carotenoids of Capsicum fruits: pigment profile and healthpromoting functional attributes. Antioxidants (Basel ). 2019;8(10): 469. DOI 10.3390/antiox8100469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohd Hassan N., Yusof N.A., Yahaya A.F., Mohd Rozali N.N., Othman R. Carotenoids of Capsicum fruits: pigment profile and healthpromoting functional attributes. Antioxidants (Basel ). 2019;8(10): 469. DOI 10.3390/antiox8100469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moscone E.A., Scaldaferro M.A., Grabiele M., Cecchini N.M., Sánchez García Y., Jarret R., Daviña J.R., Ducasse D.A., Barboza G.E., Ehrendorfer F. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum – Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Hortic. 2007;745:137-170. DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moscone E.A., Scaldaferro M.A., Grabiele M., Cecchini N.M., Sánchez García Y., Jarret R., Daviña J.R., Ducasse D.A., Barboza G.E., Ehrendorfer F. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum – Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Hortic. 2007;745:137-170. DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osorio C.E. The role of orange gene in carotenoid accumulation: manipulating chromoplasts toward a colored future. Front. Plant Sci. 2019;10:1235. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2019.01235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osorio C.E. The role of orange gene in carotenoid accumulation: manipulating chromoplasts toward a colored future. Front. Plant Sci. 2019;10:1235. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2019.01235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puchooa D. A simple, rapid and efficient method for the extraction of genomic DNA from lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Afr. J. Biotech. 2004;3:253-255. DOI 10.5897/ajb2004.000-2046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puchooa D. A simple, rapid and efficient method for the extraction of genomic DNA from lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Afr. J. Biotech. 2004;3:253-255. DOI 10.5897/ajb2004.000-2046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shumskaya M., Bradbury L.M.T., Monaco R.R., Wurtzel E.T. Plastid localization of the key carotenoid enzyme phytoene synthase is altered by isozyme, allelic variation, and activity. Plant Cell. 2012;24: 3725-3741. DOI 10.1105/tpc.112.104174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shumskaya M., Bradbury L.M.T., Monaco R.R., Wurtzel E.T. Plastid localization of the key carotenoid enzyme phytoene synthase is altered by isozyme, allelic variation, and activity. Plant Cell. 2012;24: 3725-3741. DOI 10.1105/tpc.112.104174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solovchenko A.E., Chivkunova O.B., Merzlyak M.N., Reshetnikova I.V. A spectrophotometric analysis of pigments in apples. Rus. J. Plant Phys. 2001;48(5):693-700.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solovchenko A.E., Chivkunova O.B., Merzlyak M.N., Reshetnikova I.V. A spectrophotometric analysis of pigments in apples. Rus. J. Plant Phys. 2001;48(5):693-700.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stauder R., Welsch R., Camagna M., Kohlen W., Balcke G.U., Tissier A., Walter M.H. Strigolactone levels in dicot roots are determined by an ancestral symbiosis-regulated clade of the PHYTOENE SYNTHASE gene family. Front. Plant Sci. 2018;9:255. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2018.00255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stauder R., Welsch R., Camagna M., Kohlen W., Balcke G.U., Tissier A., Walter M.H. Strigolactone levels in dicot roots are determined by an ancestral symbiosis-regulated clade of the PHYTOENE SYNTHASE gene family. Front. Plant Sci. 2018;9:255. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2018.00255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Story E.N., Kopec R.E., Schwartz S.J., Harris G.K. An update on the health effects of tomato lycopene. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2010;1:189-210. DOI 10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Story E.N., Kopec R.E., Schwartz S.J., Harris G.K. An update on the health effects of tomato lycopene. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2010;1:189-210. DOI 10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun T., Li L. Toward the ‘golden’ era: the status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. Plant Sci. 2020; 290:110331. DOI 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun T., Li L. Toward the ‘golden’ era: the status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. Plant Sci. 2020; 290:110331. DOI 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun T., Xu Z., Wu C.T., Janes M., Prinyawiwatkul W., No H.K. Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Food Sci. 2007;72(2):98-102. DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00245.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun T., Xu Z., Wu C.T., Janes M., Prinyawiwatkul W., No H.K. Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Food Sci. 2007;72(2):98-102. DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00245.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thorup T.A., Tanyolac B., Livingstone K.D., Popovsky S., Paran I., Jahn M. Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000;97:11192-11197. DOI 10.1073/pnas.97.21.11192.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thorup T.A., Tanyolac B., Livingstone K.D., Popovsky S., Paran I., Jahn M. Candidate gene analysis of organ pigmentation loci in the Solanaceae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000;97:11192-11197. DOI 10.1073/pnas.97.21.11192.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welsch R., Medina J., Giuliano G., Beyer P., von Lintig J. Structural and functional characterization of the phytoene synthase promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta. 2003;216:523-534. DOI 10.1007/s00425-002-0885-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welsch R., Medina J., Giuliano G., Beyer P., von Lintig J. Structural and functional characterization of the phytoene synthase promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta. 2003;216:523-534. DOI 10.1007/s00425-002-0885-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X., Welsch R., Yang Y., Álvarez D., Riediger M., Yuan H., Fish T., Liu J., Thannhauser T.W., Li L. Arabidopsis OR proteins are the major posttranscriptional regulators of phytoene synthase in controlling carotenoid biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015; 112(11):3558-3563. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1420831112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X., Welsch R., Yang Y., Álvarez D., Riediger M., Yuan H., Fish T., Liu J., Thannhauser T.W., Li L. Arabidopsis OR proteins are the major posttranscriptional regulators of phytoene synthase in controlling carotenoid biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015; 112(11):3558-3563. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1420831112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
