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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ20.687</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-2849</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HUMAN GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль микроРНК в обучении и долговременной памяти</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of microRNAs in learning and long-term memory</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-5946</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гринкевич</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grinkevich</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Larisa_Gr_spb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии им. И.П. Павлова Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>885</fpage><lpage>896</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гринкевич Л.Н., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гринкевич Л.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grinkevich L.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2849">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2849</self-uri><abstract><p>Механизмы формирования долговременной памяти и способы ее улучшения (в случае нарушения) остаются сложнейшей нерешенной проблемой. В последние годы большое внимание в этой связи уделяется микроРНК. МикроРНК являются уникальными эндогенными некодирующими РНК длиной около 22  нуклеотидов, каждая из которых может регулировать трансляцию сотен матричных РНК, тем самым управляя целыми сетями генов. МикроРНК широко представлены в центральной нервной системе. В настоящее время значительное количество исследований посвящено изучению роли микроРНК в функционировании мозга. Показано, что целый ряд микроРНК вовлечен в процесс синаптической пластичности, а также в формирование долговременной памяти. При этом нарушение биогенеза микроРНК приводит к значительным когнитивным дисфункциям. Более того, нарушение биогенеза микроРНК является одной из причин патогенеза заболеваний, связанных с психическими расстройствами, нейродегенеративными патологиями и старческой деменцией, которые часто сопровождаются ухудшением способности к обучению и нарушением памяти. Высказываются оптимистичные прогнозы, что микроРНК могут быть использованы в качестве мишеней для терапевтического лечения и диагностики данных патологий. Важное прикладное значение микроРНК увеличивает интерес к изучению их функций в работе мозга. Представленный обзор посвящен роли микроРНК в когнитивных процессах. Описаны биогенез микроРНК и роль микроРНК в регуляции экспрессии генов. Рассмотрены последние достижения в изучении функциональной роли микроРНК в обучении и формировании долговременной памяти, в зависимости от активации или ингибирования их экспрессии, и о влиянии нарушения биогенеза микроРНК на формирование долговременной памяти. Небольшой раздел посвящен влиянию депривации сна на когнитивные процессы, зависимые от микроРНК. Кроме того, приведен анализ текущей литературы, связанной с перспективами улучшения когнитивных функций посредством влияния на биогенез микроРНК путем применения CRISPR/Cas9 технологий и активных умственных и физических нагрузок.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The mechanisms of long-term memory formation and ways to improve it (in the case of its impairment) remain an extremely difficult problem yet to be solved. Over the recent years, much attention has been paid to microRNAs in this regard. MicroRNAs are unique endogenous non-coding RNAs about 22 nucleotides in length; each can regulate translation of hundreds of messenger RNA targets, thereby controlling entire gene networks. MicroRNAs are widely represented in the central nervous system. A large number of studies are currently being conducted to investigate the role of microRNAs in the brain functioning. A number of microRNAs have been shown to be involved in the process of synaptic plasticity, as well as in the long-term memory formation. Disruption of microRNA biogenesis leads to significant cognitive dysfunctions. Moreover, impaired microRNA biogenesis is one of the causes of the pathogenesis of mental disorders, neurodegenerative illnesses and senile dementia, which are often accompanied by deterioration in the learning ability and by memory impairment. Optimistic predictions are made that microRNAs can be used as targets for therapeutic treatment and for diagnosing the above pathologies. The importance of applications related to microRNAs significantly raises interest in studying their functions in the brain. Thus, this review is focused on the role of microRNAs in cognitive processes. It describes microRNA biogenesis and the role of miRNAs in the regulation of gene expression, as well as the latest achievements in studying the functional role of microRNAs in learning and in long-term memory formation, depending on the activation or inhibition of their expression. The review presents summarized data on the effect of impaired microRNA biogenesis on long-term memory formation, including those associated with sleep deprivation. In addition, analysis is provided of the current literature related to the prospects of improving cognitive processes by influencing microRNA biogenesis via the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies and active mental and physical exercises.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпигенетика</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>долговременная память</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>депривация сна</kwd><kwd>обогащенная среда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epigenetics</kwd><kwd>miRNA</kwd><kwd>learning</kwd><kwd>long-term memory</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>sleep deprivation</kwd><kwd>environmental enrichment</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This work was supported by the Program of Fundamental Research of State Academies for 2013–2020 (GP-14, section 63)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ai J., Sun L.H., Che H., Zhang R., Zhang T.Z., Wu W.C., Su X.L., Chen X., Yang G., Li K., Wang N., Ban T., Bao Y.N., Guo F., Niu H.F., Zhu Y.L., Zhu X.Y., Zhao S.G., Yang B.F. 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