<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ21.010</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-2919</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОИНФОРМАТИКА И СИСТЕМНАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ чувствительности и идентифицируемости математических моделей распространения эпидемии COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sensitivity and identifiability analysis of COVID-19 pandemic models</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-4988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Криворотько</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivorotko</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krivorotko.olya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабанихин</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabanikhin</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сосновская</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sosnovskaya</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андорная</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andornaya</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт вычислительной математики и математической геофизики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Криворотько О.И., Кабанихин С.И., Сосновская М.И., Андорная Д.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Криворотько О.И., Кабанихин С.И., Сосновская М.И., Андорная Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krivorotko O.I., Kabanikhin S.I., Sosnovskaya M.I., Andornaya D.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2919">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2919</self-uri><abstract><p>Разработан алгоритм анализа чувствительности и идентифицируемости математических моделей распространения эпидемии COVID-19 в Новосибирской области, основанных на системах дифференциальных уравнений и законе действующих масс. Основу алгоритма составляет анализ матрицы чувствительности методами дифференциальной и линейной алгебры, показывающей степень зависимости неизвестных параметров моделей от заданных измерений. В результате работы алгоритма выявляются наименее и наиболее чувствительные к измерениям параметры, что способствует построению регуляризующего алгоритма решения задачи идентификации параметров для построения более точных сценариев развития эпидемии в регионе. Анализ чувствительности математических моделей распространения коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 показал, что параметр контагиозности вируса устойчиво определяется по количеству ежедневно выявляемых заболевших, критических и вылечившихся больных. С другой стороны, прогнозируемая доля госпитализированных больных, находящихся в критическом состоянии и требующих подключения аппарата ИВЛ, а также коэффициент смертности определяются гораздо менее устойчиво. Для построения более реалистичного прогноза необходимо добавить дополнительную информацию о процессе (например, о количестве ежедневных случаев госпитализации). Задачи уточнения идентифицируемых параметров по дополнительной информации о количестве выявленных, критических и смертельных случаев в Новосибирской области были сведены к задачам минимизации соответствующих целевых функционалов. Задача минимизации была решена с помощью метода дифференциальной эволюции, широко используемого в задачах стохастической глобальной оптимизации. Показано, что более общая камерная модель, состоящая из семи обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений, описывает основную тенденцию распространения коронавирусной инфекции, чувствительна к пикам выявленных случаев, однако некачественно описывает небольшие статистики (количество ежедневных критических, смертельных случаев), что может приводить к ошибочным выводам. Более подробная агентно-ориентированная математическая модель, учитывающая поведение отдельных агентов, позволяет улавливать небольшие шумы в данных и строить сценарии развития распространения эпидемии в регионе.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents the results of sensitivity-based identif iability analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic spread models in the Novosibirsk region using the systems of differential equations and mass balance law. The algorithm is built on the sensitivity matrix analysis using the methods of differential and linear algebra. It allows one to determine the parameters that are the least and most sensitive to data changes to build a regularization for solving an identif ication problem of the most accurate pandemic spread scenarios in the region. The performed analysis has demonstrated that the virus contagiousness is identif iable from the number of daily conf irmed, critical and recovery cases. On the other hand, the predicted proportion of the admitted patients who require a ventilator and the mortality rate are determined much less consistently. It has been shown that building a more realistic forecast requires adding additional information about the process such as the number of daily hospital admissions. In our study, the problems of parameter identif ication using additional information about the number of daily conf irmed, critical and mortality cases in the region were reduced to minimizing the corresponding misf it functions. The minimization problem was solved through the differential evolution method that is widely applied for stochastic global optimization. It has been demonstrated that a more general COVID-19 spread compartmental model consisting of seven ordinary differential equations describes the main trend of the spread and is sensitive to the peaks of conf irmed cases but does not qualitatively describe small statistical datasets such as the number of daily critical cases or mortality that can lead to errors in forecasting. A more detailed agent-oriented model has been able to capture statistical data with additional noise to build scenarios of COVID-19 spread in the region.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>чувствительность параметров</kwd><kwd>идентифицируемость</kwd><kwd>обыкновенные дифференциальные уравнения</kwd><kwd>обратные задачи</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование</kwd><kwd>Новосибирская область</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>parameter sensitivity</kwd><kwd>identif iability</kwd><kwd>ordinary differential equations</kwd><kwd>inverse problems</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>forecasting</kwd><kwd>Novosibirsk region</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 18-31-20019) and the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation (project no. 075-15-2019-1078 (MK-814.2019.1)).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams B.M., Banks H.T., Davidiana M., Kwona H.D., Trana H.T., Wynnea S.N., Rosenbergb E.S. HIV dynamics: modeling, data analysis, and optimal treatment protocols. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 2004; 184:10-49. DOI 10.1016/j.cam.2005.02.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams B.M., Banks H.T., Davidiana M., Kwona H.D., Trana H.T., Wynnea S.N., Rosenbergb E.S. HIV dynamics: modeling, data analysis, and optimal treatment protocols. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 2004; 184:10-49. DOI 10.1016/j.cam.2005.02.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellu G., Saccomani M.P., Audoly S., D’Angiò L. DAISY: a new software tool to test global identifiability of biological and physiological systems. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2007;88(1):52-61. DOI 10.1016/j.cmpb.2007.07.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellu G., Saccomani M.P., Audoly S., D’Angiò L. DAISY: a new software tool to test global identifiability of biological and physiological systems. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2007;88(1):52-61. DOI 10.1016/j.cmpb.2007.07.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomez J., Prieto J., Leon E., Rodriguez A. INFEKTA: a general agent-based model for transmission of infectious diseases: studying the COVID-19 propagation in Bogotá – Colombia. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.04.06.20056119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomez J., Prieto J., Leon E., Rodriguez A. INFEKTA: a general agent-based model for transmission of infectious diseases: studying the COVID-19 propagation in Bogotá – Colombia. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.04.06.20056119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Habtemariam T., Tameru B., Nganwa D., Beyene G., Ayanwale L., Robnett V. Epidemiologic modeling of HIV/AIDS: use of computational models to study the population dynamics of the disease to assess effective intervention strategies for decision-making. Adv. Syst. Sci. Appl. 2008;8(1):35-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Habtemariam T., Tameru B., Nganwa D., Beyene G., Ayanwale L., Robnett V. Epidemiologic modeling of HIV/AIDS: use of computational models to study the population dynamics of the disease to assess effective intervention strategies for decision-making. Adv. Syst. Sci. Appl. 2008;8(1):35-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabanikhin S.I. Definitions and examples of inverse and ill-posed problems. J. Inverse Ill-Posed Probl. 2008;16(4):317-357. DOI 10.1515/JIIP.2008.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabanikhin S.I. Definitions and examples of inverse and ill-posed problems. J. Inverse Ill-Posed Probl. 2008;16(4):317-357. DOI 10.1515/JIIP.2008.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kabanikhin S.I., Voronov D.A., Grodz A.A., Krivorotko O.I. Identifiability of mathematical models in medical biology. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res. 2016;6(8):838-844. DOI 10.1134/S2079059716070054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabanikhin S.I., Voronov D.A., Grodz A.A., Krivorotko O.I. Identifiability of mathematical models in medical biology. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res. 2016;6(8):838-844. DOI 10.1134/S2079059716070054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kermack W.O., McKendrick A.G. A contribution of the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 1927;115:700-721. DOI 10.1098/rspa.1927.0118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kermack W.O., McKendrick A.G. A contribution of the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 1927;115:700-721. DOI 10.1098/rspa.1927.0118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kerr C., Stuart R., Mistry D., Abeysuriya R., Hart G., Rosenfeld K., Selvaraj P., Nunez R., Hagedorn B., George L., Izzo A., Palmer A., Delport D., Bennette C., Wagner B., Chang S., Cohen J., Panovska-Griffiths J., Jastrzebski M., Oron A., Wenger E., Famulare M., Klein D. Covasim: an agent-based model of COVID-19 dynamics and interventions. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.05.10.20097469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kerr C., Stuart R., Mistry D., Abeysuriya R., Hart G., Rosenfeld K., Selvaraj P., Nunez R., Hagedorn B., George L., Izzo A., Palmer A., Delport D., Bennette C., Wagner B., Chang S., Cohen J., Panovska-Griffiths J., Jastrzebski M., Oron A., Wenger E., Famulare M., Klein D. Covasim: an agent-based model of COVID-19 dynamics and interventions. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.05.10.20097469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krivorotko O.I., Andornaya D.V., Kabanikhin S.I. Sensitivity analysis and practical identifiability of some mathematical models in biology. J. Appl. Ind. Math. 2020a;14:115-130. DOI 10.1134/S1990478920010123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krivorotko O.I., Andornaya D.V., Kabanikhin S.I. Sensitivity analysis and practical identifiability of some mathematical models in biology. J. Appl. Ind. Math. 2020a;14:115-130. DOI 10.1134/S1990478920010123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krivorotko O.I., Kabanikhin S.I., Zyat’kov N.Yu., Prikhod’ko A.Yu., Prokhoshin N.M., Shishlenin M.A. Mathematical modeling and forecasting of COVID-19 in Moscow and Novosibirsk region. Numer. Analysis Applications. 2020b;13(4):332-348. DOI 10.1134/S1995423920040047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krivorotko O.I., Kabanikhin S.I., Zyat’kov N.Yu., Prikhod’ko A.Yu., Prokhoshin N.M., Shishlenin M.A. Mathematical modeling and forecasting of COVID-19 in Moscow and Novosibirsk region. Numer. Analysis Applications. 2020b;13(4):332-348. DOI 10.1134/S1995423920040047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauer S.A., Grantz K.H., Bi Q., Jones F.K., Zheng Q., Meredith H., Azman A.S., Reich N.G., Lessler J. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020;172:577-582. DOI 10.7326/m20-0504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauer S.A., Grantz K.H., Bi Q., Jones F.K., Zheng Q., Meredith H., Azman A.S., Reich N.G., Lessler J. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020;172:577-582. DOI 10.7326/m20-0504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee W., Liu S., Tembine H., Li W., Osher S. Controlling propagation of epidemics via mean-field games. ArXiv. 2020;arXiv:2006.01249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee W., Liu S., Tembine H., Li W., Osher S. Controlling propagation of epidemics via mean-field games. ArXiv. 2020;arXiv:2006.01249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Likhoshvai V.A., Fadeev S.I., Demidenko G.V., Matushkin Yu.G. Modeling nonbranching multistage synthesis by an equation with retarded argument. Sibirskiy Zhurnal Industrialnoy Matematiki = Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics. 2004;7(1):73-94. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Likhoshvai V.A., Fadeev S.I., Demidenko G.V., Matushkin Yu.G. Modeling nonbranching multistage synthesis by an equation with retarded argument. Sibirskiy Zhurnal Industrialnoy Matematiki = Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics. 2004;7(1):73-94. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miao H., Xia X., Perelson A.S., Wu H. On identifiability of nonlinear ODE models and applications in viral dynamics. SIAM Rev. 2011;53(1):3-39. DOI 10.1137/090757009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miao H., Xia X., Perelson A.S., Wu H. On identifiability of nonlinear ODE models and applications in viral dynamics. SIAM Rev. 2011;53(1):3-39. DOI 10.1137/090757009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raue A., Becker V., Klingmüller U., Timmer J. Identifiability and observability analysis for experimental design in nonlinear dynamical models. Chaos. 2010;20(4):045105. DOI 10.1063/1.3528102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raue A., Becker V., Klingmüller U., Timmer J. Identifiability and observability analysis for experimental design in nonlinear dynamical models. Chaos. 2010;20(4):045105. DOI 10.1063/1.3528102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raue A., Karlsson J., Saccomani M.P., Jirstrand M., Timmer J. Comparison of approaches for parameter identifiability analysis of biological systems. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(10):1440-1448. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raue A., Karlsson J., Saccomani M.P., Jirstrand M., Timmer J. Comparison of approaches for parameter identifiability analysis of biological systems. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(10):1440-1448. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tuomisto J.T., Yrjölä J., Kolehmainen M., Bonsdorff J., Pekkanen J., Tikkanen T. An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tuomisto J.T., Yrjölä J., Kolehmainen M., Bonsdorff J., Pekkanen J., Tikkanen T. An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.04.09.20047498.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unlu E., Leger H., Motornyi O., Rukubayihunga A., Ishacian T., Chouiten M. Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 outbreak and counter-measures in France. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.04.27.20079962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unlu E., Leger H., Motornyi O., Rukubayihunga A., Ishacian T., Chouiten M. Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 outbreak and counter-measures in France. MedRxiv. 2020. DOI 10.1101/2020.04.27.20079962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verity R., Okell L., Dorigatti I., Winskill P., Whittaker C., Imai N., Cuomo-Dannenburg G., Thompson H., Walker P., Fu H., Dighe A., Griffin J., Baguelin M., Bhatia S., Boonyasiri S., Cori A., Cucunubá Z., FitzJohn R., Gaythorpe K., Green W., Hamlet A., Hinsley W., Laydon D., Nedjati-Gilani G., Riley S., Elsland S., Volz E., Wang H., Wang Y., Xi X., Donnelly C., Ghani A., Ferguson N.M. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020;20(6):669-677. DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verity R., Okell L., Dorigatti I., Winskill P., Whittaker C., Imai N., Cuomo-Dannenburg G., Thompson H., Walker P., Fu H., Dighe A., Griffin J., Baguelin M., Bhatia S., Boonyasiri S., Cori A., Cucunubá Z., FitzJohn R., Gaythorpe K., Green W., Hamlet A., Hinsley W., Laydon D., Nedjati-Gilani G., Riley S., Elsland S., Volz E., Wang H., Wang Y., Xi X., Donnelly C., Ghani A., Ferguson N.M. Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020;20(6):669-677. DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voropaeva O.F., Tsgoev Ch.A. A numerical model of inflammation dynamics in the core of myocardial infarction. J. Appl. Ind. Math. 2019;13(2):372-383. DOI 10.1134/S1990478919020182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voropaeva O.F., Tsgoev Ch.A. A numerical model of inflammation dynamics in the core of myocardial infarction. J. Appl. Ind. Math. 2019;13(2):372-383. DOI 10.1134/S1990478919020182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolfram C. An agent-based model of COVID-19. Complex Syst. 2020; 29(1):87-105. DOI 10.25088/ComplexSystems.29.1.87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolfram C. An agent-based model of COVID-19. Complex Syst. 2020; 29(1):87-105. DOI 10.25088/ComplexSystems.29.1.87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wölfel R., Corman V.M., Guggemos W., Seilmaier M., Zange S., Müller M.A., Niemeyer D., Jones T.C., Vollmar P.V., Rothe C., Hoelscher M., Bleicker T., Brünink S., Schneider J., Ehmann R., Zwirglmaier K., Drosten C., Wendtner C. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581:465-469. DOI 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wölfel R., Corman V.M., Guggemos W., Seilmaier M., Zange S., Müller M.A., Niemeyer D., Jones T.C., Vollmar P.V., Rothe C., Hoelscher M., Bleicker T., Brünink S., Schneider J., Ehmann R., Zwirglmaier K., Drosten C., Wendtner C. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581:465-469. DOI 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao K.Z., Shaw B.M., Kou B., McAuley K.B., Bacon D.W. Modeling ethylene/butene copoly-merization with multi-site catalysts: parameter estimability and experimental design. Polymer Reaction Engineer. 2003;11(3):563-588. DOI 10.1081/PRE-120024426.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao K.Z., Shaw B.M., Kou B., McAuley K.B., Bacon D.W. Modeling ethylene/butene copoly-merization with multi-site catalysts: parameter estimability and experimental design. Polymer Reaction Engineer. 2003;11(3):563-588. DOI 10.1081/PRE-120024426.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
