vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ21.023vavilov-2978Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХANIMAL GENETICSСледы отбора и гены-кандидаты адаптации к экстремальным факторам среды в геномах турано-монгольских пород крупного рогатого скотаSignatures of selection and candidate genes for adaptation to extreme environmental factors in the genomes of Turano-Mongolian cattle breedshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-5554ЮдинН. С.YudinN. S.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

ЮрченкоА. А.YurchenkoA. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7859-6201ЛаркинД. М.LarkinD. M.

Новосибирск;

Лондон

Novosibirsk;

London

dmlarkin@gmail.comФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Королевский ветеринарный колледж, Лондонский университетРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College, University of LondonRussian Federation202129042021252190201Copyright © Юдин Н.С., Юрченко А.А., Ларкин Д.М., 20212021Юдин Н.С., Юрченко А.А., Ларкин Д.М.Yudin N.S., Yurchenko A.A., Larkin D.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2978

Изменения, происходящие в окружающей среде, заставляют популяции организмов адаптироваться к новым условиям либо за счет фенотипической пластичности, либо за счет генетических или эпигенетических изменений. Следы отбора, такие как специфические изменения частот аллелей и гаплотипов, снижение или повышение генетического разнообразия, помогают выявить изменения генома крупного рогатого скота в ответ на искусственный и естественный отбор, а также локусы и варианты, непосредственно влияющие на адаптивные и экономически важные признаки. Достижения генетики и биотехнологии дают возможность быстрого переноса уникальных генетических вариантов, возникших у местных пород крупного рогатого скота в процессе адаптации к локальной среде обитания, в геномы интернациональных высокопроизводительных пород с целью сохранения их выдающихся свойств в новых условиях обитания. Возможно и использование методов геномной селекции для повышения частот адаптивных аллелей у интернациональных пород. В обзоре рассмотрены недавние работы по истории происхождения и эволюции турано-монгольских пород крупного рогатого скота, адаптации турано-монгольского скота к экстремальным условиям среды. Сделано обобщение имеющихся сведений о потенциальных генах-кандидатах адаптации в геномах турано-монгольских пород, включая гены устойчивости к холоду, гены иммунного ответа и гены адаптации к высокогорью. Авторы приходят к выводу, что имеющиеся данные литературы не позволяют отдать предпочтение одному из двух возможных сценариев происхождения турано-монгольских пород – в результате доместикации дикого тура на территории Восточной Азии или вследствие миграции тауринной протопопуляции из Ближнего Востока. Турано-монгольским породам свойственна высокая адаптация к экстремальным климатическим условиям (холод, жара и недостаток кислорода в горах) и паразитам (гнус, клещи, бактериальные и вирусные инфекции). В результате высокопроизводительного генотипирования и секвенирования геномов и транскриптомов представителей этих пород в последнее время были выявлены перспективные гены-кандидаты и генетические варианты, участвующие в адаптации к факторам внешней среды.

Changes in the environment force populations of organisms to adapt to new conditions, either through phenotypic plasticity or through genetic or epigenetic changes. Signatures of selection, such as specific changes in the frequency of alleles and haplotypes, as well as the reduction or increase in genetic diversity, help to identify changes in the cattle genome in response to natural and artificial selection, as well as loci and genetic variants directly affecting adaptive and economically important traits. Advances in genetics and biotechnology enable a rapid transfer of unique genetic variants that have originated in local cattle breeds in the process of adaptation to local environments into the genomes of cosmopolitan high-performance breeds, in order to preserve their outstanding performance in new environments. It is also possible to use genomic selection approach to increase the frequency of already present adaptive alleles in cosmopolitan breeds. The review examines recent work on the origin and evolution of Turano-Mongolian cattle breeds, adaptation of Turano-Mongolian cattle to extreme environments, and summarizes available information on potential candidate genes for climate adaptation of Turano-Mongolian breeds, including cold resistance genes, immune response genes, and high-altitude adaptation genes. The authors conclude that the current literature data do not provide preference to one of the two possible scenarios of Turano-Mongolian breed origins: as a result of the domestication of a wild aurochs at East Asia or as a result of the migration of taurine proto-population from the Middle East. Turano-Mongolian breeds show a high degree of adaptation to extreme climatic conditions (cold, heat, lack of oxygen in the highlands) and parasites (mosquitoes, ticks, bacterial and viral infections). As a result of high-density genotyping and sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes, prospective candidate genes and genetic variants involved in adaptation to environmental factors have recently been identified.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.