vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ21.024vavilov-2979Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХANIMAL GENETICSМониторинг генетической структуры мезенской породы лошадей по микросателлитам ДНКMonitoring for the genetic structure of Mezen breed of horses in terms of DNA microsatelliteshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-6098ВдовинаН. В.VdovinaN. V.

Архангельск

Arkhangelsk

ЮрьеваИ. Б.YuryevaI. B.

Архангельск

Arkhangelsk

arhsel@mail.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики им. академика Н.П. Лавёрова Уральского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияN. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202129042021252202207Copyright © Вдовина Н.В., Юрьева И.Б., 20212021Вдовина Н.В., Юрьева И.Б.Vdovina N.V., Yuryeva I.B.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2979

Мезенская лошадь (мезенка) – аборигенная порода России. Была выведена методом народной селекции в северных районах Архангельской области. Порода прекрасно приспособлена к условиям Крайнего Севера и обладает рядом ценных хозяйственно-биологических качеств. В настоящее время имеет ограниченный генофонд и разводится в чистоте только в Мезенском районе, где функционируют одна генофондно-племенная ферма и ряд базовых хозяйств, в которых осуществляется селекционно-племенная работа с породой. В связи с малочисленностью популяции мезенских лошадей проблема сохранения ее внутрипородного разнообразия очень актуальна. Для определения уровня генетической изменчивости в породе проведен мониторинг ее аллелофонда. Сравнительный анализ генетической структуры породы выполнен по микросателлитам ДНК с периодичностью в 10 лет (2000, 2010 и 2020 гг.). В специализированных лабораториях были исследованы образцы волос 198 лошадей. Установлено, что порода обладает широким генетическим разнообразием по 17 локусам ядерной ДНК. В исследуемые годы аллелофонд популяции включал 128, 139 и 133 аллеля соответственно (при среднем значении 7.53, 8.18 и 7.82 аллеля на локус). Наиболее распространенными в породе являются аллели AHT4О, AHT5N, ASB2K, ASB23S, CA425N, HMS1J, HMS1М, HMS2Н, HMS3М, HMS7L, HTG4М, HTG6О, HTG7K, HTG7О, LEX3М. С малой частотой (0.004–0.056) у мезенок было обнаружено 6 редких аллелей, которые не выявлены в популяциях лошадей отечественной селекции. Среднее значение уровня полиморфности (Ае) в породе по годам составляет 4.16, 4.21 и 4.06 соответственно. Наивысший его показатель приходится на локус ASB17 (6.49–6.90–6.76), наименьший – на локусы HTG6 (1.71–1.66–1.67) и HMS7 (1.77–1.95–1.77). Незначительный дефицит гетерозиготных генотипов (Fis = 0.003) отмечен у мезенских лошадей в 2010 г. В 2000 и 2020 гг. наблюдаемая гетерозиготность (Но) превышает величину ожидаемой (Не), что указывает на отсутствие внутрипопуляционного инбридинга (Fis = –0.014 и –0.011 соответственно). Полученные результаты свидетельствуют об эффективности проводимых селекционных мероприятий по сохранению, совершенствованию и поддержанию генетического разнообразия в популяции.

Mezenskaya horse (Mezenka) is Russia’s aboriginal breed. It is a domestic selection in the northern territories of Arkhangelsk region. The breed is perfectly adapted to the conditions of the Far North, and has a number of valuable economic and biological qualities. At present, it has a limited gene pool and is bred only in the Mezensky district, where one gene pool-breeding farm is operating and so is a number of basic farms, where selection and breeding activities take place with the breed. Due to a small population of Mezen horses, the challenge of preserving its intra-breed diversity is very urgent. To determine the degree of genetic variability in the Mezen population, the alleles-fond was monitored. A comparative analysis of the genetic structure of the breed was done on DNA microsatellites at time-intervals of 10 years (2000, 2010 and 2020). Crista samples of 198 horses were studied in specialized laboratories. It was established that the breed has wide genetic diversity in 17 loci of nuclear DNA. The population’s alleles-fond includes from 128, 139, and 133 alleles respectively (with an average value of 7.53, 8.18, and 7.82 alleles per locus). The most common alleles are AHT4O, AHT5N, ASB2K, ASB23S, CA425N, HMS1J, HMS1M, HMS2H, HMS3M, HMS7L, HTG4M, HTG6O, HTG7K, HTG7O and LEX3M. Mezen horses revealed 6 rare, lowfrequency (0.004–0.056) alleles not found in the horse populations of domestic selection. The average value of the polymorphic level (Ae) in the breed over the years is 4.16, 4.21 and 4.06, respectively. The highest polymorphism is found in locus ASB17 (6.49–6.90–6.76); the lowest, in locus HTG6 (1.71–1.66–1.67) and HMS7 (1.77–1.95–1.77). A slight deficit of heterozygous genotypes (Fis = 0.003) was observed in Mezen horses in 2010. In 2000 and 2020, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) exceeds the expected value (He), which indicates the absence of intra-population inbreeding (Fis = –0.014 and –0.011, respectively). The results obtained testify to the effectiveness of breeding activities carried out to preserve, improve and maintain genetic diversity in the population.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.