vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ21.028vavilov-3003Research ArticleМОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА И ТАКСОНОМИЯ РАСТЕНИЙMOLECULAR GENETICS AND PLANT TAXONOMYРибосомное профилирование как инструмент исследования трансляции у растений: основные итоги, проблемы и перспективыRibosomal profiling as a tool for studying translation in plants: main results, problems and future prospectshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-1409АфонниковД. А.AfonnikovD. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

ada@bionet.nsc.ruСиницынаО. И.SinitsynaO. I.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

ГолубеваТ. С.GolubevaT. S.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

ШмаковН. А.ShmakovN. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-5181КочетовА. В.KochetovA. V.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университетРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State UniversityRussian Federation202101062021253251259Copyright © Афонников Д.А., Синицына О.И., Голубева Т.С., Шмаков Н.А., Кочетов А.В., 20212021Афонников Д.А., Синицына О.И., Голубева Т.С., Шмаков Н.А., Кочетов А.В.Afonnikov D.A., Sinitsyna O.I., Golubeva T.S., Shmakov N.A., Kochetov A.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3003

Экспрессию эукариотических генов можно регулировать на нескольких этапах, включая трансляцию мРНК. Известно, что структура мРНК способна влиять как на эффективность взаимодействия с аппаратом трансляции в целом, так и на выбор сайтов инициации трансляции. Для исследования транслируемой фракции транскриптома были разработаны экспериментальные методы анализа, наиболее информативным из которых является рибосомное профилирование (РП, Ribo-seq). Первоначально созданный для использования в дрожжевых системах, этот метод был адаптирован для трансляционных исследований на многих видах растений. Технология включает выделение полисомной фракции и высокопроизводительное секвенирование пула сегментов мРНК, связанных с рибосомами. Сравнение результатов покрытия транскриптома прочтениями, полученными по протоколу рибосомного профилирования, с аналогичным результатами по секвенированию транскриптома дает возможность оценить эффективность трансляции для каждого транскрипта. Точные положения рибосом, определенные на последовательностях мРНК, позволяют определять трансляцию открытых рамок считывания и переключение между трансляцией нескольких рамок считывания – феномен, при котором с одной матрицы РНК происходят считывание двух или более перекрывающихся рамок и биосинтез разных белков. Преимущество метода заключается в том, что он дает возможность получить количественные оценки покрытия рибосомами мРНК и может выявлять относительно редкие события трансляции. Использование этой технологии позволило классифицировать гены растений по типу регуляции их экспрессии на уровне транскрипции, трансляции или на обоих уровнях. Обнаружены особенности структуры мРНК, которые влияют на уровни трансляции: формирование квадруплексов G2 и наличие специфических мотивов в области 5’-UTR, GC-состав, наличие альтернативных стартов трансляции, влияние uORF на трансляцию нижестоящих mORF. Показано, что изменения регуляции экспрессии генов на уровне трансляции возникают в ответ на биотический и абиотический стрессы, а также в процессе развития растений. В обзоре кратко рассмотрены методология РП и перспективы ее применения для исследования структурно-функциональной организации и регуляции экспрессии генов растений.

The expression of eukaryotic genes can be regulated at several stages, including the translation of mRNA. It is known that the structure of mRNA can affect both the efficiency of interaction with the translation apparatus in general and the choice of translation initiation sites. To study the translated fraction of the transcriptome, experimental methods of analysis were developed, the most informative of which is ribosomal profiling (RP, Ribo-seq). Originally developed for use in yeast systems, this method has been adapted for research in translation mechanisms in many plant species. This technology includes the isolation of the polysomal fraction and high-performance sequencing of a pool of mRNA fragments associated with ribosomes. Comparing the results of transcript coverage with reads obtained using the ribosome profiling with the transcriptional efficiency of genes allows the translation efficiency to be evaluated for each transcript. The exact positions of ribosomes determined on mRNA sequences allow determining the translation of open reading frames and switching between the translation of several reading frames – a phenomenon in which two or more overlapping frames are read from one mRNA and different proteins are synthesized. The advantage of this method is that it provides quantitative estimates of ribosome coverage of mRNA and can detect relatively rare translation events. Using this technology, it was possible to identify and classify plant genes by the type of regulation of their expression at the transcription, translation, or both levels. Features of the mRNA structure that affect translation levels have been revealed: the formation of G2 quadruplexes and the presence of specific motifs in the 5’-UTR region, GC content, the presence of alternative translation starts, and the influence of uORFs on the translation of downstream mORFs. In this review, we briefly reviewed the RP methodology and the prospects for its application to study the structural and functional organization and regulation of plant gene expression.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.