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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ21.030</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3009</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕЛЕКЦИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ НА ИММУНИТЕТ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PLANT BREEDING FOR IMMUNITY AND PERFORMANCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вироид веретеновидности клубней картофеля</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Potato spindle tuber viroid</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-5181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочетов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ak@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-6288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пронозин</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pronozin</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шацкая</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatskaya</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-1409</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афонников</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afonnikov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7368-0797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасенко</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasenko</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск, </p><p>Пушкин, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk, </p><p>Pushkin, St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>269</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кочетов А.В., Пронозин А.Ю., Шацкая Н.В., Афонников Д.А., Афанасенко О.С., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кочетов А.В., Пронозин А.Ю., Шацкая Н.В., Афонников Д.А., Афанасенко О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kochetov A.V., Pronozin A.Y., Shatskaya N.V., Afonnikov D.A., Afanasenko O.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3009">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3009</self-uri><abstract><p>Вироиды, небольшие кольцевые молекулы РНК, которые вызывают патогенез у растений, остаются одним из самых необычных биологических объектов, привлекающих внимание не только фитопатологов, но и специалистов в области молекулярной эволюции. В статье приведен обзор последних литературных данных о генетике вироида веретеновидности клубней картофеля (ВВКК) и генетических механизмах формирования патологических состояний у растений-хозяев. ВВКК способен передаваться вертикально (через генеративные клетки зараженного растения), но, в отличие от некоторых других вироидов, не передается через пыльцу от зараженного растения. Большой интерес у исследователей вызывает структура геномной РНК вироида размером 359 нуклеотидов: хорошо известно, что особенности 3D конформации определяют основные параметры взаимодействия с клеточными факторами на стадии репликации, транспорта между различными тканями в процессе системной инфекции, а также степень выраженности симптомов заболевания. При репликации геномной РНК вироидов часто происходят ошибки, приводящие к появлению гетерогенной популяции молекул РНК в тканях зараженного растения. Примечательно, что через 7 дней после инокуляции только 25 % молекул геномной РНК ВВКК соответствовали исходной матрице, использованной для инокуляции, однако эта доля увеличилась до 70 % через 14 дней и далее оставалась на том же уровне. По-видимому, при сохранении у мутантных вариантов геномной РНК способности к репликации вироид обладает высоким потенциалом к отбору эффективных инфекционных форм. ВВКК вызывает у пораженных растений развитие иммунного ответа, механизмы индукции которого недостаточно изучены. Известны сильно- и слабопатогенные штаммы ВВКК, вызывающие разные проявления болезни, фенотипические проявления от которых у пораженных растений в значительной мере различны. Сама по себе репликация вироида не обязательно приводит к выраженным фенотипическим проявлениям, в случае ВВКК они могут быть связаны с участками гомологии между геномной РНК и мРНК некоторых регуляторных генов, например транскрипционного фактора StTCP23 картофеля, участвующего в регуляторном контуре гиббереллиновой кислоты и в контроле морфогенеза клубня. Другой пример – индукция РНК-интерференции против мРНК гена FRIGIDA-like protein 3 у томата, что приводит к раннему цветению. В связи с этим обсуждаются потенциальные способы борьбы с вироидом, основанные на удалении из генома растений таких участков гомологии, расположенных в нетранслируемых областях мРНК и не выполняющих каких-либо функций. В целом вироиды представляют собой уникальную модель для исследования основ организации живых систем, многие из которых возникли на ранних этапах эволюции и остаются до сих пор не выявленными.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Viroids belong to a very interesting class of molecules attracting researchers in phytopathology and molecular evolution. Here we review recent literature data concerning the genetics of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and the mechanisms related to its pathological effect on the host plants. PSTVd can be transmitted vertically through microspores and macrospores, but not with pollen from another infected plant. The 359 nucleotidelong genomic RNA of PSTVd is highly structured and its 3D-conformation is responsible for interaction with host cellular factors to mediate replication, transport between tissues during systemic infection and the severity of pathological symptoms. RNA replication is prone to errors and infected plants contain a population of mutated forms of the PSTVd genome. Interestingly, at 7 DAI, only 25 % of the newly synthesized RNAs were identical to the master copy, but this proportion increased to up to 70 % at 14 DAI and remained the same afterwards. PSTVd infection induces the immune response in host plants. There are PSTVd strains with a severe, a moderate or a mild pathological effect. Interestingly, viroid replication itself does not necessarily induce strong morphological or physiological symptoms. In the case of PSTVd, disease symptoms may occur due to RNA-interference, which decreases the expression levels of some important cellular regulatory factors, such as, for example, potato StTCP23 from the gibberellic acid pathway with a role in tuber morphogenesis or tomato FRIGIDA-like protein 3 with an early flowering phenotype. This association between the small segments of viroid genomic RNAs complementary to the untranslated regions of cellular mRNAs and disease symptoms provides a way for new resistant cultivars to be developed by genetic editing. To conclude, viroids provide a unique model to reveal the fundamental features of living systems, which appeared early in evolution and still remain undiscovered.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генетика вироида</kwd><kwd>патогенез растений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>viroids</kwd><kwd>plants</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (Project 20-46-07001)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adkar-Purushothama C.R., Bolduc F., Bru P., Perreault J.-P. 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