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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ21.036</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3016</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гипоморфная мутация гена Csn1s1 мыши, полученная пронуклеарной микроинъекцией CRISPR/Сas9</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A hypomorphic mutation in the mouse Csn1s1 gene generated by CRISPR/Cas9 pronuclear microinjection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hldn89@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнайдер</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnaider</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кораблев</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korablev</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнусова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yunusova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Serova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баттулин</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Battulin</surname><given-names>N. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">battulin@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>331</fpage><lpage>336</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнов А.В., Шнайдер Т.А., Кораблев А.Н., Юнусова А.М., Серова И.А., Баттулин Н.Р., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнов А.В., Шнайдер Т.А., Кораблев А.Н., Юнусова А.М., Серова И.А., Баттулин Н.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnov A.V., Shnaider T.A., Korablev A.N., Yunusova A.M., Serova I.A., Battulin N.R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3016">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3016</self-uri><abstract><p>Казеины – это основные молочные белки, которые играют важную эволюционно консервативную роль в питании. Вариации последовательности казеиновых генов влияют на состав молока у животных. Регуляторные элементы казеиновых генов можно использовать для управления экспрессией желаемых трансгенов в молоке трансгенных животных. Десятки аллелей казеина идентифицированы у коз, коров, овец, верблюдов и лошадей, и эти варианты связаны с измененной экспрессией генов и содержанием молочного белка. Большинство известных мутаций, влияющих на экспрессию генов казеина, находится в промоторных и 3’-нетранслируемых областях. Мы выполнили пронуклеарные микроинъекции с мРНК Cas9 и sgRNA против первого кодирующего экзона гена Csn1s1 мыши, чтобы ввести случайные мутации в последовательность сигнального пептида α-казеина (Csn1s1) в начале гена мыши. Секвенирование мышей-основателей по Сэнгеру выявило 40 мутаций. Как и ожидалось, мутации группировались вокруг сайта разреза sgRNA (3 п.н. от PAM). Большинство мутаций представляют собой небольшие делеции (1–10 п.н.), но мы также обнаружили несколько более крупных делеций (100–300 п.н.). Функционально большинство мутаций приводило к нокаутам генов из-за сдвига рамки считывания или потери стартовых кодонов. Некоторые из мутаций представлены инделами в рамке считывания в первом кодирующем экзоне. Из них мы описываем новый гипоморфный аллель Csn1s1 (Csn1s1c.4-5insTCC). Мы измерили уровни белка Csn1s1 и подтвердили, что мутация отрицательно влияет на состав молока, который показывает снижение экспрессии гена на 50 % и уменьшение количества белка Csn1s1 на 40–80 % по сравнению с аллелем дикого типа. Мы предположили, что мутация влияет на стабильность транскрипта или сплайсинг по неизвестному механизму. Эта мутация потенциально может служить генетическим маркером низкой экспрессии Csn1s1.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Caseins are major milk proteins that have an evolutionarily conserved role in nutrition. Sequence variations in the casein genes affect milk composition in livestock species. Regulatory elements of the casein genes could be used to direct the expression of desired transgenes into the milk of transgenic animals. Dozens of casein alleles have been identified for goats, cows, sheep, camels and horses, and these sequence variants are associated with altered gene expression and milk protein content. Most of the known mutations affecting casein genes’ expression are located in the promoter and 3’-untranslated regions. We performed pronuclear microinjections with Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA against the first coding exon of the mouse Csn1s1 gene to introduce random mutations in the α-casein (Csn1s1) signal peptide sequence at the beginning of the mouse gene. Sanger sequencing of the founder mice identified 40 mutations. As expected, mutations clustered around the sgRNA cut site (3 bp from PAM). Most of the mutations represented small deletions (1–10 bp), but we detected several larger deletions as well (100–300 bp). Functionally most mutations led to gene knockout due to a frameshift or a start codon loss. Some of the mutations represented in-frame indels in the first coding exon. Of these, we describe a novel hypomorphic Csn1s1 (Csn1s1c.4-5insTCC) allele. We measured Csn1s1 protein levels and confirmed that the mutation has a negative effect on milk composition, which shows a 50 % reduction in gene expression and a 40–80 % decrease in Csn1s1 protein amount, compared to the wild-type allele. We assumed that mutation affected transcript stability or splicing by an unknown mechanism. This mutation can potentially serve as a genetic marker for low Csn1s1 expression.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>казеин</kwd><kwd>CRISPR</kwd><kwd>пронуклеарная микроинъекция</kwd><kwd>гипоморфные мутации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>сasein</kwd><kwd>CRISPR</kwd><kwd>pronuclear microinjection</kwd><kwd>hypomorphic mutation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The authors are grateful to the Centre for Genetic Resources of Laboratory Animals at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS (RFMEFI61914X0005 and RFMEFI61914X0010) for help with some animal procedures. The authors were supported by Russian Science Foundation (16-14-00095). 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