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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ21.037</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3017</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Новые генетические технологии защиты растений от паразитических нематод</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New genetic tools for plant defense against parasitic nematodes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-5181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочетов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-6569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гавриленко</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilenko</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск, </p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk, </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7368-0797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афанасенко</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afanasenko</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск, </p><p>Пушкин, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk, </p><p>Pushkin, St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.s.afan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>337</fpage><lpage>343</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кочетов А.В., Гавриленко Т.А., Афанасенко О.С., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кочетов А.В., Гавриленко Т.А., Афанасенко О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kochetov A.V., Gavrilenko T.A., Afanasenko O.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3017">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3017</self-uri><abstract><p>Нематоды относятся к числу значимых вредителей сельскохозяйственных растений. В обзоре рассмотрены последние данные о молекулярных механизмах устойчивости растений к цистообразующим и галловым нематодам, среди которых одни из наиболее вредоносных видов: Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne chitwoodi и M. incognita. Например, золотистая картофельная нематода G. rostochiensis, зарегистрированная в 61 субъекте РФ на общей площади 1.8 млн га, способна приводить к потере от 19 до 90 % урожая картофеля. Биологические особенности нематод затрудняют разработку агротехнических способов борьбы с ними: цисты G. rostochiensis сохраняют жизнеспособность в почве в течение многих лет, нематициды токсичны или малоэффективны, поэтому предпочтительным методом борьбы с ними является интрогрессия генов устойчивости от родственных культурных и дикорастущих видов. Стратегия жизненного цикла цистообразующих и галловых нематод основана на способности личинок проникать в корни восприимчивых видов растений, репрограммировать клетки растения-хозяина, формирующие гигантские клетки или синцитии в качестве питающих структур, а также ингибировать иммунный ответ. Молекулярные механизмы, лежащие в основе такого взаимодействия в системе «патоген–хозяин», вызывают значительный интерес как с точки зрения управления морфогенезом растений, так и в аспекте разработки безопасных и эффективных способов борьбы с паразитическими нематодами. В обзоре рассмотрены данные об эффекторах, с помощью которых разные виды нематод контролируют иммунный ответ растения-хозяина, а также гены устойчивости (R-гены) и некоторые молекулярные механизмы, прерывающие формирование питающих структур и развитие паразита. Приведены новые данные о способах генетического контроля, основанных на одном из активно обсуждаемых в последнее время варианте механизма РНК-интерференции – HIGS (host induced gene silencing), представляющем собой адресное выключение экспрессии гена-мишени в клетках личинки нематоды с помощью специфических двуцепочечных РНК, синтезирующихся в клетках растения-хозяина. Индукция РНК-интерференции в клетках растений приводит к появлению молекул-медиаторов, способных инициировать аналогичный процесс в клетках фитофагов, взаимодействующих с растением, в том числе у личинок нематод. Описаны случаи, в которых такое адресное выключение экспрессии генов-мишеней приводило к нарушениям развития личинок и высокому уровню защиты сельскохозяйственных растений от наиболее опасных видов нематод.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Nematodes belong to economically important pests. Here we reviewed the recent data on molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to cyst and gall nematodes including the most devastating Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and M. incognita. The Golden Potato Cyst Nematode (G. rostochiensis, GPCN) may be taken as an example of an economically important pest: in Russia, it occurs in 61 regions with a total area of 1.8 million ha and may cause the yield loss from 19 to 90 %. The biological characteristics of sedentary nematodes makes their agrotechnical control problematic, i.e. the GPCN cysts remain dormant in soil for many years until a susceptible host appears, whereas nematicides are either toxic or inefficient. Introgression of resistance genes (R-genes) from related cultivated or wild species is likely to be the most appropriate way for their biocontrol. The life cycle of sedentary nematodes is based on juveniles’ penetration into the host root where they reprogram plant cells into a syncytium or the so-called ‘giant cells’ and inhibit the plant defense response. Molecular mechanisms of plant-nematode interaction are unusual and this phenomenon provides a very interesting model for the investigation of plant morphogenesis control as well as for the development of new genetic instruments of biocontrol. Here we reviewed recent publications on plant parasitic nematode effectors used for hijacking of the plant immune system, data on R-genes and molecular mechanisms of their activities. In addition, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is discussed as a perspective mechanism for nematode biocontrol. HIGS is based on the RNA interference in the cells of the host plant addressed against the nematode genes important for their development and productivity. Several recent investigations demonstrated efficiency of HIGS against sedentary nematodes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цистообразующие нематоды</kwd><kwd>галловые нематоды</kwd><kwd>картофель</kwd><kwd>гены-эффекторы</kwd><kwd>R-гены</kwd><kwd>РНКинтерференция</kwd><kwd>хозяин-индуцированный генетический сайленсинг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyst nematodes</kwd><kwd>gall nematodes</kwd><kwd>potato</kwd><kwd>effector genes</kwd><kwd>R-genes</kwd><kwd>RNA interference</kwd><kwd>host induced genetic silencing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The review preparation was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project 16-16-04073P</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зиновьева С.В., Чижов В.Н., Приданников М.В., Субботин С.А., Рысс А.Ю., Хусаинов Р.В. 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