vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ21.044vavilov-3042Research ArticleСелекция кормовых культурBreeding of fodder cropsРазвитие современной селекции и семеноводства кормовых культур в РоссииFundamentals for forage crop breeding and seed production in Russiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-3464КосолаповВ. М.KosolapovV. M.

Лобня, Московская область,

Lobnya, Moscow region

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-4322ЧернявскихВ. И.CherniavskihV. I.

Лобня, Московская область,

Lobnya, Moscow region

cherniavskih@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9534-0603КостенкоС. И.KostenkoS. I.

Лобня, Московская область,

Lobnya, Moscow region

Федеральный научный центр кормопроизводства и агроэкологии им. В.Р. ВильямсаРоссияFederal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and AgroecologyRussian Federation202110072021254401407Copyright © Косолапов В.М., Чернявских В.И., Костенко С.И., 20212021Косолапов В.М., Чернявских В.И., Костенко С.И.Kosolapov V.M., Cherniavskih V.I., Kostenko S.I.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3042

Селекция и семеноводство кормовых культур являются фундаментом создания кормовой базы для производства животноводческой продукции высокого качества и в требуемом количестве. Федеральный научный центр кормопроизводства и агроэкологии им. В.Р. Вильямса (ФНЦ «ВИК им. В.Р. Вильямса»), созданный в 2018 г. на базе Всероссийского НИИ кормов им. В.Р. Вильямса и ряда других научных учреждений, – наиболее крупный центр в области кормопроизводства – разрабатывает новые приемы и методы создания селекционного материала на основе широкого применения генетики, биотехнологии, микробиологии, иммунологии, экологии, биогеоценологии, клеточной селекции. Было выведено около 300 сортов кормовых культур, которые занимали в СССР и занимают в Российской Федерации основные площади под этими культурами на лугах, пастбищах и сенокосах. Современные 85 сортов кормовых культур нового поколения нашли широкое применение и районированы во всех регионах России. Но разрушенная в стране система элитного и товарного семеноводства не позволяет этим сортам быть на положенном им месте в производстве кормов, так как на рынке еще велика доля несортовых семян и семян массовых репродукций. К тому же началась экспансия импортных сортов, замаскированных под сорта газонных трав для удешевления и упрощения выхода их на российский рынок. Таким образом на наш рынок попали 107 сортов райграса пастбищного (Lolium perenne L.), 47 сортов овсяницы тростниковой (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), 21 сорт клевера ползучего (Trifolium repens L.) и т. д. Основное внимание ФНЦ «ВИК им. В.Р. Вильямса» направлено на создание приемов и методов получения принципиально новых сортов на базе собственных разработок в области генетики, биотехнологии, иммунологии и экологической селекции. Расширяется сеть опорных пунктов по всей территории страны, воссоздается система элитного семеноводства с учетом использования регионов с наиболее благоприятным климатом для семеноводства отдельных культур. В конце 2020 г. на базе ФНЦ «ВИК им. В.Р. Вильямса» создан селекционно-семеноводческий центр. В дальнейшем планируется сформировать единый межведомственный комплекс по селекции кормовых культур, работающий по скоординированной программе согласно региональным потребностям животноводства.

Plant breeding and seed production of new generation fodder crops is the groundwork for creating a fodder base for livestock production in sufficient quantities. The Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology founded in 2018 based on of the All-Russia Williams Fodder Research Institute and other scientific institutions is the largest and most comprehensive center in the field of food production. It develops new techniques and methods for creating initial seed material based on a wide use of genetics, biotechnology, microbiology, immunology, ecology, biogeocenology, and cell selection. During the existence of the Fodder Research Institute and its experimental stations, up to 300 varieties of feed crops were created, which occupied leading positions in the production of fodder in meadows, pastures, and hayfields. Eighty-five modern varieties of fodder crops of the latest generation are widely used and zoned in all regions of Russia. However, the destroyed system of elite and commercial seed production does not allow these varieties to take their rightful place in fodder production, and the market still possesses a large share of non-varietal and mass scale reproduction seeds. In addition, imported seeds brought to the Russian market are often disguised as lawn varieties to reduce the cost and simplify their entry to the market. In this way, 107 varieties of winter ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), 47 varieties of cane fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), 21 varieties of creeping clover (Trifolium repens L.), etc. appeared in Russia. In such circumstances, the attention of the Williams Center is focused on the development of techniques and methods for creating fundamentally new varieties based on its own research in genetics, biotechnology, immunology, and ecological selection. Much attention is paid to expanding the network of research stations throughout Russia in order to revive the system of elite seed growing, especially in the regions with the most favorable climate for growing seeds of particular crops. A seed production center was organized as a branch of the Williams Center at the end of 2020. In the future, it is planned to create a united coordinated interdepartmental complex for the breeding of fodder crops in accordance with the regional needs of animal husbandry.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.