vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ21.064vavilov-3115Research ArticleМОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ И КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯMOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGYРемоделирование хроматина в олигодендрогенезеChromatin remodeling in oligodendrogenesishttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-7153АнтонцеваЕ. В.AntontsevaE. V.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

antontseva@bionet.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5602-5149БондарьН. П.BondarN. P.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

nbondar@bionet.nsc.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202110092021255573579Copyright © Антонцева Е.В., Бондарь Н.П., 20212021Антонцева Е.В., Бондарь Н.П.Antontseva E.V., Bondar N.P.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3115

Олигодендроциты – это один из типов глиальных клеток, ответственных за миелинизацию и обеспечивающих трофическую поддержку аксонов в центральной нервной системе позвоночных. Благодаря миелину скорость проведения электрического сигнала увеличивается в сотни раз, так как он служит своего рода электроизолятором нервных волокон и позволяет осуществлять скачкообразную передачу потенциала действия через лишенные миелина перехваты Ранвье. Поскольку разные части ЦНС миелинизируются на различных стадиях развития и большинство регионов содержит как миелинизированные, так и немиелинизированные аксоны, очевидно, что должны существовать очень точные механизмы для контроля миелинизации отдельных аксонов. При прохождении через стадии спецификации и дифференцировки – от мультипотентных нейрональных клеткок вентрикулярной зоны нервной трубки до зрелых миелинизирующих олигодендроцитов, а также во время миграции вдоль кровеносных сосудов к пункту назначения, клетки претерпевают кардинальные изменения в паттерне экспрессии генов. Эти изменения требуют тщательно скоординированного в пространстве и времени взаимодействия различных транскрипционных факторов (ТФ) и эпигенетических событий, определяющих регуляторный ландшафт хроматина. Ремоделирование хроматина существенно влияет на транскрипционную активность генов. Основной компонент хроматина – это нуклеосома, которая, помимо структурной, выполняет регуляторную функцию и служит общим репрессором генов. Для изменения типа, положения и локальной плотности нуклеосом необходимо действие специализированных АТФ-зависимых комплексов ремоделирования хроматина, которые используют для своей работы энергию гидролиза АТФ. Мутации в генах, кодирующих белки комплексов ремоделирования, часто сопровождаются серьезными нарушениями на ранних стадиях эмбриогенеза и с высокой частотой идентифицируются при различных раковых заболеваниях. Большинство идентифицированных АТФ-зависимых комплексов ремоделирования хроматина классифицируется на четыре подсемейства: SWI/SNF, CHD, INO80/SWR и ISWI, согласно доменной организации их АТФ-гидролизующей субъединицы. В настоящем обзоре мы подробно остановимся на роли этих субъединиц разных подсемейств на различных этапах олигодендрогенеза.

Oligodendrocytes are one type of glial cells responsible for myelination and providing trophic support for axons in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Thanks to myelin, the speed of electrical-signal conduction increases several hundred-fold because myelin serves as a kind of electrical insulator of nerve f ibers and allows for quick saltatory conduction of action potentials through Ranvier nodes, which are devoid of myelin. Given that different parts of the central nervous system are myelinated at different stages of development and most regions contain both myelinated and unmyelinated axons, it is obvious that very precise mechanisms must exist to control the myelination of individual axons. As they go through the stages of specification and differentiation – from multipotent neuronal cells in the ventricular zone of the neural tube to mature myelinating oligodendrocytes as well as during migration along blood vessels to their destination – cells undergo dramatic changes in the pattern of gene expression. These changes require precisely spatially and temporally coordinated interactions of various transcription factors and epigenetic events that determine the regulatory landscape of chromatin. Chromatin remodeling substantially affects transcriptional activity of genes. The main component of chromatin is the nucleosome, which, in addition to the structural function, performs a regulatory one and serves as a general repressor of genes. Changes in the type, position, and local density of nucleosomes require the action of specialized ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes, which use the energy of ATP hydrolysis for their activity. Mutations in the genes encoding proteins of the remodeling complexes are often accompanied by serious disorders at early stages of embryogenesis and are frequently identified in various cancers. According to the domain arrangement of the ATP-hydrolyzing subunit, most of the identified ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes are classified into four subfamilies: SWI/SNF, CHD, INO80/SWR, and ISWI. In this review, we discuss the roles of these subunits of the different subfamilies at different stages of oligodendrogenesis.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.