vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ21.072vavilov-3136Research ArticleМЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА, НЕЙРОГЕНЕТИКА, ИММУНОГЕНЕТИКА, БИОМЕДИЦИНАPOPULATION GENETICSЗлаковые травы – резерваторы инфекции видов ржавчины для озимой мягкой пшеницы на Северном Кавказе РоссииWild grasses as the reservoirs of infection of rust species for winter soft wheat in the Northern CaucasusWild grasses as the reservoirs of infection of rust species for winter soft wheat in the Northern Caucasushttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-0307ГультяеваЕ. И.GultyaevaE. I.

Пушкин, Санкт-Петербург

Pushkin, St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-7835БеспаловаЛ. А.BespalovaL. A.

Краснодар

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-9988АбловаИ. Б.AblovaI. B.

Краснодар

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3266-6272ШайдаюкЕ. Л.ShaydayukE. L.

Пушкин, Санкт-Петербург

Pushkin, St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-3946ХудокормоваЖ. Н.KhudokormovaZh. N.

Краснодар

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-042XЯковлеваД. Р.YakovlevaD. R.

Пушкин, Санкт-Петербург

Pushkin, St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-1852ТитоваЮ. А.TitovaYu. A.

Пушкин, Санкт-Петербург

Pushkin, St. Petersburg

Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растенийРоссияAll-Russian Institute of Plant ProtectionRussian FederationНациональный центр зерна им. П.П. ЛукьяненкоРоссияNational Center of Grain named after P.P. LukyanenkoRussian Federation202122102021256638646Copyright © Гультяева Е.И., Беспалова Л.А., Аблова И.Б., Шайдаюк Е.Л., Худокормова Ж.Н., Яковлева Д.Р., Титова Ю.А., 20212021Гультяева Е.И., Беспалова Л.А., Аблова И.Б., Шайдаюк Е.Л., Худокормова Ж.Н., Яковлева Д.Р., Титова Ю.А.Gultyaeva E.I., Bespalova L.A., Ablova I.B., Shaydayuk E.L., Khudokormova Z.N., Yakovleva D.R., Titova Y.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3136

Озимая мягкая пшеница – основная зерновая культура, возделываемая на Северном Кавказе. Поражение ржавчинными болезнями – один из факторов, лимитирующих урожайность пшеницы. В регионе отмечаются три вида ржавчины: бурая (Puccinia triticina), стеблевая (P. graminis) и желтая (P. striiformis), значимость которых варьирует по годам. Наиболее распространена бурая ржавчина, но в последнее десятилетие частота ее эпифитотийного развития существенно снизилась. При этом возрастает вредоносность желтой ржавчины (P. striiformis). Стеблевая ржавчина в регионе преимущественно отсутствует или наблюдается в слабой степени в конце вегетации пшеницы. В отдельные годы с благоприятными 

погодными условиями наблюдается ее массовое развитие на восприимчивых сортах. Считается, что источниками инфекции видов ржавчины на Северном Кавказе служат зараженные посевы мягкой пшеницы, дикорастущие злаки и экзодемичная инфекция, заносимая воздушными потоками с сопредельных территорий. На Северном Кавказе практически ежегодно встречается поражение кормовых и дикорастущих злаковых трав видами Puccinia. В зависимости от погодных условий проявление симптомов отмечается с конца сентября до декабря и затем с конца февраля до мая-июня. Потенциально осенняя инфекция на травах может служить источником для заражения сортов озимой мягкой пшеницы, высеваемых в октябре. Цель настоящих исследований – охарактеризовать вирулентность P. triticina, P. graminis, P. striiformis на диких злаках и оценить их специализацию к озимой мягкой пшенице на Северном Кавказе. Инфекционный материал, представленный листьями с урединиопустулами бурой, стеблевой и желтой ржавчины, был собран в Краснодарском крае на дикорастущих злаках (Poa spp., Bromus spp.) в октябре-ноябре 2019 г. В лабораторных условиях урединиоматериал P. triticina, P. striiformis и P. graminis был размножен и клонирован. Монопустульные изоляты видов Puccinia использовали для анализа вирулентности. В экспериментах по изучению специализации видов ржавчины с дикорастущих злаков на мягкой пшенице задействовали 12 озимых сортов: Гром, Таня, Юка, Табор, Безостая 100, Юбилейная 100, Веха, Васса, Алексеич, Стан, Гурт, Баграт. Эти сорта широко возделываются в Северо-Кавказском регионе и характеризуются разной степенью устойчивости к ржавчинам. Дополнительно материал пшеницы инокулировали краснодарскими популяциями P. triticina, P. striiformis, P. graminis с мягкой пшеницы. В анализе вирулентности P. triticina на злаковых травах выявили четыре фенотипа (расы): MCTKН (30 %), ТCTTR (30 %), ТНТTR (25 %), MHTKН (15 %), а P. graminis – пять фенотипов: RКMTF (60 %), TКТTF, RКLTF, QKLTF, LHLРF (по 10 %). Среди изолятов P. striiformis с применением международного и европейского наборов сортов-дифференциаторов определены три фенотипа: 111Е231 (88 %), 111Е247 (6 %) и 78Е199 (6 %). С использованием изогенных линий Avocet также идентифицированы три расы, которые различались между собой по вирулентности к генам Yr1, Yr11, Yr18 (с доминированием вирулентных (94 %)). Сборные урединиообразцы (смесь всех идентифицированных рас) каждого вида ржавчины со злаковых трав были задействованы для инокуляции сортов озимой пшеницы. Большинство сортов озимой мягкой пшеницы (75 %) характеризовались устойчивой реакцией при заражении популяциями P. graminis с мягкой пшеницы и злаковых трав. Все эти сорта созданы с участием доноров ржаной транслокации 1BL.1RS, в которой локализованы гены Lr26, Sr31 и Yr9. Число сортов озимой пшеницы, устойчивых в фазе проростков к бурой ржавчине, было ниже (58 %). При этом все изученные сорта в фазе проростков в разной степени были восприимчивы к Р. striiformis. Проведенный анализ вирулентности популяций возбудителей бурой, стеблевой и желтой ржавчины не выявил существенных различий в вирулентности патогена на дикорастущих злаковых травах и мягкой пшенице. Урединиоматериал всех изученных видов ржавчины успешно заражал сорта мягкой пшеницы. Полученные результаты указывают на то, что злаковые травы являются резерваторами инфекции ржавчин для посевов мягкой пшеницы на Северном Кавказе.

Common winter wheat is the main grain crop cultivated in the North Caucasus. Rust disease damage is one of the factors limiting wheat productivity. There are three species of rust in the region: leaf (Puccinia triticina), stem (P. graminis) and stripe rust (P. striiformis), and their significance varies from year to year. The most common is leaf rust, but in the last decade the frequency of its epiphytotic development has significantly decreased. At the same time, an increase in the harmfulness of stripe rust (P. striiformis) is noted. Stem rust in the region is mainly absent or observed at the end of the wheat growing season to a weak degree. Only in some years with favorable weather conditions its mass development is noted on susceptible cultivars. It is believed that the sources of infection with rust species in the North Caucasus are infested soft wheat crops, wild-growing cereals and exodemic infection carried by air currents from adjacent territories. In the North Caucasus, forage and wild grasses are affected by Puccinia species almost every year. Depending on weather conditions, the symptom expression is noted from late September to December and then from late February to May–June. Potentially, an autumn infection on grasses can serve as a source for infection of winter soft wheat cultivars sown in October. The purpose of these studies is to characterize the virulence of P. triticina, P. graminis, P. striiformis on wild cereals and to assess the specialization of causative agents to winter wheat in the North Caucasus. Infectious material represented by leaves with urediniopustules of leaf, stem and stripe rusts was collected from wild cereals (Poa spp., Bromus spp.) in the Krasnodar Territory in October–November 2019. Uredinium material from P. triticina, P. striiformis, and P. graminis was propagated and cloned. Monopustular Puccinia spp. isolates were used for virulence genetics analysis. In experiments to study the specialization of rust species from wild-growing cereals on common wheat, 12 winter cultivars were used (Grom, Tanya, Yuka, Tabor, Bezostaya 100, Yubileynaya 100, Vekha, Vassa, Alekseich, Stan, Gurt, Bagrat). These cultivars are widely cultivated in the North Caucasus region and are characterized by varying degrees of resistance to rust. Additionally, wheat material was inoculated with Krasnodar populations of P. triticina, P. striiformis, P. graminis from common wheat. In the virulence analysis of P. triticina on cereal grasses, four phenotypes (races) were identified: MCTKH (30 %), TCTTR (30 %), TNTTR (25 %), MHTKH (15 %), and five were identified in P. graminis (RKMTF (60 %), TKTTF, RKLTF, QKLTF, LHLPF (10 % each). Among P. striiformis isolates, three phenotypes were identified using the International and European sets of differentiating cultivars – 111E231 (88 %), 111E247 (6 %) and 78E199 (6 %). Using isogenic Avocet lines, 3 races were also identified, which differed among themselves in virulence to the Yr1, Yr11, Yr18 genes (with the prevalence of virulent ones (94 %)). Composite urediniums’ samples (a mixture of all identified races) of grass rust of each species were used to inoculate winter wheat cultivars. The most common winter wheat cultivars (75 %) were characterized by a resistant response when infected with P. graminis populations from common wheat and cereal grasses. All these cultivars were developed using donors of the rye translocation 1BL.1RS, in which the Lr26, Sr31, and Yr9 genes are localized. The number of winter wheat cultivars resistant to leaf rust in the seedling phase was lower (58 %). At the same time, all the studied cultivars in the seedling phase were susceptible to P. striiformis to varying degrees. The virulence analysis of the leaf, stem and stripe rust populations did not reveal significant differences in the virulence of the pathogens between wild-growing cereals and soft wheat. Urediniomaterial of all studied rust species successfully infested soft wheat cultivars. The results obtained indicate that grasses are rust infection reservoirs for common wheat crops in the North Caucasus.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.