<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ21.103</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3208</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>CLARITY и Light-Sheet микроскопия применительно к органоидам головного мозга человека</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CLARITY and Light-Sheet microscopy sample preparation in application to human cerebral organoids</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнайдер</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnaider</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shnayder@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0226-4213</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пристяжнюк</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pristyazhnyuk</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk, Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>889</fpage><lpage>895</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шнайдер Т.А., Пристяжнюк И.Е., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер Т.А., Пристяжнюк И.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shnaider T.A., Pristyazhnyuk I.E.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3208">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3208</self-uri><abstract><p>Церебральные органоиды – это трехмерные системы культивирования клеток, представляющие собой уникальную экспериментальную модель, которая позволяет реконструировать ранние события нейрогенеза человека in vitro в норме и при различных патологиях. На сегодняшний день для изучения морфологических параметров органоидов чаще всего применяют иммуногистохимический анализ. В связи с этим аспекты трехмерной цитоархитектуры органоидов, такие как нейронные сети или асимметричная внутренняя организация, трудно реконструировать при использовании рутинных подходов. Иммуногистохимический анализ биологических объектов является универсальным методом в биологических исследованиях. Один из ключевых этапов данного подхода – изготовление крио- или парафиновых серийных срезов образцов. Это очень трудоемкий и времязатратный процесс. Кроме того, срезы представляют собой лишь небольшую часть исследуемого объекта, а трехмерная реконструкция из полученных серийных изображений является крайне сложной процедурой и часто требует специальных дорогостоящих программ для обработки изображений. К сожалению, окрашивание и микроскопирование целых образцов затруднено из-за их низкой проницаемости и высокого уровня автофлуоресценции. Технологии очистки тканей в сочетании с Light-Sheet микроскопией дают возможность преодолеть эти проблемы при работе. CLARITY – это одна из технологий подготовки тканей, позволяющая сделать непрозрачные биологические объекты прозрачными с сохранением целостности их внутренней структуры. Метод основан на специальной пробоподготовке, во время которой из клеток удаляются липиды и заменяются гидрогелевыми соединениями, такими как акриламид; при этом белки и нуклеиновые кислоты остаются интактными. Технология CLARITY предоставляет исследователям уникальную возможность изучать объемные биологические структуры с сохранением их внутренней организации, включая целых животных или эмбрионы, отдельные органы и искусственно выращенные органоиды, в частности церебральные. Данный протокол обобщает оптимизацию условий CLARITY для органоидов головного мозга человека и особенности подготовки образцов Light-Sheet микроскопии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cerebral organoids are three-dimensional cell-culture systems that represent a unique experimental model reconstructing early events of human neurogenesis in vitro in health and various pathologies. The most commonly used approach to studying the morphological parameters of organoids is immunohistochemical analysis; therefore, the three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of organoids, such as neural networks or asymmetric internal organization, is difficult to reconstruct using routine approaches. Immunohistochemical analysis of biological objects is a universal method in biological research. One of the key stages of this method is the production of cryo- or paraffin serial sections of samples, which is a very laborious and time-consuming process. In addition, slices represent only a tiny part of the object under study; three-dimensional reconstruction from the obtained serial images is an extremely complex process and often requires expensive special programs for image processing. Unfortunately, staining and microscopic examination of samples are difficult due to their low permeability and a high level of autofluorescence. Tissue cleaning technologies combined with Light-Sheet microscopy allows these challenges to be overcome. CLARITY is one of the tissue preparation techniques that makes it possible to obtain opaque biological objects transparent while maintaining the integrity of their internal structures. This method is based on a special sample preparation, during which lipids are removed from cells and replaced with hydrogel compounds such as acrylamide, while proteins and nucleic acids remain intact. CLARITY provides researchers with a unique opportunity to study three-dimensional biological structures while preserving their internal organization, including whole animals or embryos, individual organs and artificially grown organoids, in particular cerebral organoids. This protocol summarizes an optimization of CLARITY conditions for human brain organoids and the preparation of Light-Sheet microscopy samples.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>церебральные органоиды</kwd><kwd>CLARITY</kwd><kwd>Light-Sheet микроскопия</kwd><kwd>иммуногистохимия</kwd><kwd>очистка тканей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cerebral organoids</kwd><kwd>CLARITY</kwd><kwd>Light-Sheet microscopy</kwd><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>tissue clearing</kwd><kwd>tissue imaging</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>We thank the Microscopic Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for granting access to microscopic equipment. This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 19-29-04067) and by Budget Project (No. 0259-2021-0016)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albanese A., Swaney J.M., Yun D.H., Evans N.B., Antonucci J.M., Velasco S., Sohn C.H., Arlotta P., Gehrke L., Chung K. Multiscale 3D phenotyping of human cerebral organoids. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):21487. DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-78130-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33293587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albanese A., Swaney J.M., Yun D.H., Evans N.B., Antonucci J.M., Velasco S., Sohn C.H., Arlotta P., Gehrke L., Chung K. Multiscale 3D phenotyping of human cerebral organoids. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):21487. DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-78130-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33293587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutin M.E., Hoffman-Kim D. Application and assessment of optical clearing methods for imaging of tissue-engineered neural stem cell spheres. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods. 2015;21(3):292-302. DOI 10.1089/ten.TEC.2014.0296. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25128373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boutin M.E., Hoffman-Kim D. Application and assessment of optical clearing methods for imaging of tissue-engineered neural stem cell spheres. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods. 2015;21(3):292-302. DOI 10.1089/ten.TEC.2014.0296. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25128373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boutin M.E., Voss T.C., Titus S.A., Cruz-Gutierrez K., Michael S., Ferrer M. A high-throughput imaging and nuclear segmentation analysis protocol for cleared 3D culture models. Sci. Rep. 2018;8(1):11135. DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-29169-0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30042482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boutin M.E., Voss T.C., Titus S.A., Cruz-Gutierrez K., Michael S., Ferrer M. A high-throughput imaging and nuclear segmentation analysis protocol for cleared 3D culture models. Sci. Rep. 2018;8(1):11135. DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-29169-0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30042482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chung K., Deisseroth K. CLARITY for mapping the nervous system. Nat. Methods. 2013;10(6):508-513. DOI 10.1038/nmeth.2481. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23722210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chung K., Deisseroth K. CLARITY for mapping the nervous system. Nat. Methods. 2013;10(6):508-513. DOI 10.1038/nmeth.2481. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23722210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cora V., Haderspeck J., Antkowiak L., Mattheus U., Neckel P.H., Mack A.F., Bolz S., Ueffing M., Pashkovskaia N., Achberger K., Liebau S.A. Cleared view on retinal organoids. Cells. 2019;8(5):391. DOI 10.3390/cells8050391. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31035373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cora V., Haderspeck J., Antkowiak L., Mattheus U., Neckel P.H., Mack A.F., Bolz S., Ueffing M., Pashkovskaia N., Achberger K., Liebau S.A. Cleared view on retinal organoids. Cells. 2019;8(5):391. DOI 10.3390/cells8050391. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31035373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dekkers J.F., Alieva M., Wellens L.M., Ariese H.C.R., Jamieson P.R., Vonk A.M., Amatngalim G.D., Hu H., Oost K.C., Snippert H.J.G., Beekman J.M., Wehrens E.J., Visvader J.E., Clevers H., Rios A.C. High-resolution 3D imaging of fixed and cleared organoids. Nat. Protoc. 2019;14(6):1756-1771. DOI 10.1038/s41596-019-0160-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31053799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dekkers J.F., Alieva M., Wellens L.M., Ariese H.C.R., Jamieson P.R., Vonk A.M., Amatngalim G.D., Hu H., Oost K.C., Snippert H.J.G., Beekman J.M., Wehrens E.J., Visvader J.E., Clevers H., Rios A.C. High-resolution 3D imaging of fixed and cleared organoids. Nat. Protoc. 2019;14(6):1756-1771. DOI 10.1038/s41596-019-0160-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31053799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dodt H.U., Leischner U., Schierloh A., Jährling N., Mauch C.P., Deininger K., Deussing J.M., Eder M., Zieglgänsberger W., Becker K. Ultramicroscopy: three-dimensional visualization of neuronal networks in the whole mouse brain. Nat. Methods. 2007;4(4):331-336. DOI 10.1038/nmeth1036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17384643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dodt H.U., Leischner U., Schierloh A., Jährling N., Mauch C.P., Deininger K., Deussing J.M., Eder M., Zieglgänsberger W., Becker K. Ultramicroscopy: three-dimensional visualization of neuronal networks in the whole mouse brain. Nat. Methods. 2007;4(4):331-336. DOI 10.1038/nmeth1036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17384643.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goranci-Buzhala G., Mariappan A., Gabriel E., Ramani A., Ricci-Vitiani L., Buccarelli M., D’Alessandris Q.G., Pallini R., Gopalakrishnan J. Rapid and efficient invasion assay of glioblastoma in human brain organoids. Cell Rep. 2020;31(10):107738. DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107738. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32521263.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goranci-Buzhala G., Mariappan A., Gabriel E., Ramani A., Ricci-Vitiani L., Buccarelli M., D’Alessandris Q.G., Pallini R., Gopalakrishnan J. Rapid and efficient invasion assay of glioblastoma in human brain organoids. Cell Rep. 2020;31(10):107738. DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107738. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32521263.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gradinaru V., Treweek J., Overton K., Deisseroth K. Hydrogel-tissue chemistry: principles and applications. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 2018;47: 355-376. DOI 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-032905. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792820.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gradinaru V., Treweek J., Overton K., Deisseroth K. Hydrogel-tissue chemistry: principles and applications. Annu. Rev. Biophys. 2018;47: 355-376. DOI 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-032905. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792820.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hama H., Kurokawa H., Kawano H., Ando R., Shimogori T., Noda H., Fukami K., Sakaue-Sawano A., Miyawaki A. Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 2011;14(11):1481-1488. DOI 10.1038/nn.2928. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hama H., Kurokawa H., Kawano H., Ando R., Shimogori T., Noda H., Fukami K., Sakaue-Sawano A., Miyawaki A. Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain. Nat. Neurosci. 2011;14(11):1481-1488. DOI 10.1038/nn.2928. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878933.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ke M.T., Fujimoto S., Imai T. SeeDB: a simple and morphologypreserving optical clearing agent for neuronal circuit reconstruction. Nat. Neurosci. 2013;16(8):1154-1161. DOI 10.1038/nn.3447. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792946.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ke M.T., Fujimoto S., Imai T. SeeDB: a simple and morphologypreserving optical clearing agent for neuronal circuit reconstruction. Nat. Neurosci. 2013;16(8):1154-1161. DOI 10.1038/nn.3447. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792946.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lancaster M.A., Renner M., Martin C.A., Wenzel D., Bicknell L.S., Hurles M.E., Homfray T., Penninger J.M., Jackson A.P., Knoblich J.A. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 2013;501(7467):373-379. DOI 10.1038/nature12517. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995685.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lancaster M.A., Renner M., Martin C.A., Wenzel D., Bicknell L.S., Hurles M.E., Homfray T., Penninger J.M., Jackson A.P., Knoblich J.A. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 2013;501(7467):373-379. DOI 10.1038/nature12517. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23995685.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masselink W., Reumann D., Murawala P., Pasierbek P., Taniguchi Y., Bonnay F., Meixner K., Knoblich J.A., Tanaka E.M. Broad applicability of a streamlined ethyl cinnamate-based clearing procedure. Development. 2019;146(3):dev166884. DOI 10.1242/dev.166884. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30665888.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masselink W., Reumann D., Murawala P., Pasierbek P., Taniguchi Y., Bonnay F., Meixner K., Knoblich J.A., Tanaka E.M. Broad applicability of a streamlined ethyl cinnamate-based clearing procedure. Development. 2019;146(3):dev166884. DOI 10.1242/dev.166884. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30665888.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan C., Cai R., Quacquarelli F.P., Ghasemigharagoz A., Lourbopoulos A., Matryba P., Plesnila N., Dichgans M., Hellal F., Ertürk A. Shrinkage-mediated imaging of entire organs and organisms using uDISCO. Nat. Methods. 2016;13(10):859-867. DOI 10.1038/nmeth.3964. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548807.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan C., Cai R., Quacquarelli F.P., Ghasemigharagoz A., Lourbopoulos A., Matryba P., Plesnila N., Dichgans M., Hellal F., Ertürk A. Shrinkage-mediated imaging of entire organs and organisms using uDISCO. Nat. Methods. 2016;13(10):859-867. DOI 10.1038/nmeth.3964. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548807.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renner H., Grabos M., Becker K.J., Kagermeier T.E., Wu J., Otto M., Peischard S., Zeuschner D., TsyTsyura Y., Disse P., Klingauf J., Leidel S.A., Seebohm G., Schöler H.R., Bruder J.M. A fully automated high-throughput workflow for 3D-based chemical screening in human midbrain organoids. Elife. 2020;9:e52904. DOI 10.7554/eLife.52904. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33138918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renner H., Grabos M., Becker K.J., Kagermeier T.E., Wu J., Otto M., Peischard S., Zeuschner D., TsyTsyura Y., Disse P., Klingauf J., Leidel S.A., Seebohm G., Schöler H.R., Bruder J.M. A fully automated high-throughput workflow for 3D-based chemical screening in human midbrain organoids. Elife. 2020;9:e52904. DOI 10.7554/eLife.52904. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33138918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renner M., Lancaster M.A., Bian S., Choi H., Ku T., Peer A., Chung K., Knoblich J.A. Self-organized developmental patterning and differentiation in cerebral organoids. EMBO J. 2017;36(10):1316-1329. DOI 10.15252/embj.201694700. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renner M., Lancaster M.A., Bian S., Choi H., Ku T., Peer A., Chung K., Knoblich J.A. Self-organized developmental patterning and differentiation in cerebral organoids. EMBO J. 2017;36(10):1316-1329. DOI 10.15252/embj.201694700. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakaguchi H., Ozaki Y., Ashida T., Matsubara T., Oishi N., Kihara S., Takahashi J. Self-organized synchronous calcium transients in a cultured human neural network derived from cerebral organoids. Stem Cell Reports. 2019;13(3):458-473. DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019. 05.029. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31257131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakaguchi H., Ozaki Y., Ashida T., Matsubara T., Oishi N., Kihara S., Takahashi J. Self-organized synchronous calcium transients in a cultured human neural network derived from cerebral organoids. Stem Cell Reports. 2019;13(3):458-473. DOI 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019. 05.029. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31257131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Susaki E.A., Tainaka K., Perrin D., Yukinaga H., Kuno A., Ueda H.R. Advanced CUBIC protocols for whole-brain and whole-body clearing and imaging. Nat. Protoc. 2015;10(11):1709-1727. DOI 10.1038/nprot.2015.085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26448360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Susaki E.A., Tainaka K., Perrin D., Yukinaga H., Kuno A., Ueda H.R. Advanced CUBIC protocols for whole-brain and whole-body clearing and imaging. Nat. Protoc. 2015;10(11):1709-1727. DOI 10.1038/nprot.2015.085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26448360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Susaki E.A., Takasato M. Perspective: extending the utility of threedimensional organoids by tissue clearing technologies. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2021;9:679226. DOI 10.3389/fcell.2021.679226. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34195197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Susaki E.A., Takasato M. Perspective: extending the utility of threedimensional organoids by tissue clearing technologies. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2021;9:679226. DOI 10.3389/fcell.2021.679226. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34195197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ueda H.R., Dodt H.U., Osten P., Economo M.N., Chandrashekar J., Keller P.J. Whole-brain profiling of cells and circuits in mammals by tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy. Neuron. 2020;106(3):369-387. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ueda H.R., Dodt H.U., Osten P., Economo M.N., Chandrashekar J., Keller P.J. Whole-brain profiling of cells and circuits in mammals by tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy. Neuron. 2020;106(3):369-387. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Ineveld R.L., Ariese H.C.R., Wehrens E.J., Dekkers J.F., Rios A.C. Single-cell resolution three-dimensional imaging of intact organoids. J. Vis. Exp. 2020;160:e60709. DOI 10.3791/60709. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Ineveld R.L., Ariese H.C.R., Wehrens E.J., Dekkers J.F., Rios A.C. Single-cell resolution three-dimensional imaging of intact organoids. J. Vis. Exp. 2020;160:e60709. DOI 10.3791/60709. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wassie A.T., Zhao Y., Boyden E.S. Expansion microscopy: principles and uses in biological research. Nat. Methods. 2019;16(1):33-41. DOI 10.1038/s41592-018-0219-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30573813.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wassie A.T., Zhao Y., Boyden E.S. Expansion microscopy: principles and uses in biological research. Nat. Methods. 2019;16(1):33-41. DOI 10.1038/s41592-018-0219-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30573813.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu T., Zhu J., Li D., Zhu D. Physical and chemical mechanisms of tissue optical clearing. iScience. 2021;24(3):102178. DOI 10.1016/j.isci. 2021.102178. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33718830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu T., Zhu J., Li D., Zhu D. Physical and chemical mechanisms of tissue optical clearing. iScience. 2021;24(3):102178. DOI 10.1016/j.isci. 2021.102178. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33718830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
