vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJGB-22-32vavilov-3359Research ArticleГЕНОМИКА И ТРАНСКРИПТОМИКАPLANT GENETICS AND BREEDINGМетаболизм крахмала у картофеля Solanum tuberosum L.Starch metabolism in potato Solanum tuberosum L.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-3063СергееваЕ. М.SergeevaE. M.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

sergeeva@bionet.nsc.ruЛаричевК. Т.LarichevK. T.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-847XСалинаЕ. А.SalinaE. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-5181КочетовА. В.KochetovA. V.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202203062022263250263Copyright © Сергеева Е.М., Ларичев К.Т., Салина Е.А., Кочетов А.В., 20222022Сергеева Е.М., Ларичев К.Т., Салина Е.А., Кочетов А.В.Sergeeva E.M., Larichev K.T., Salina E.A., Kochetov A.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3359

Крахмал – основной запасной углевод растений и важный источник калорий в рационе питания человека и животных, широко применяется также для ряда промышленных нужд. Нативный крахмал представляет собой не растворимые в воде полукристаллические гранулы, сформированные молекулами амилозы и амилопектина, которые являются природными полимерами глюкозы. Физико-химические свойства крахмала определяются соотношением амилозы и амилопектина в грануле, степенью их полимеризации и фосфорилирования. Одно из основных растений-продуцентов крахмала – картофель Solanum tuberosum L. Растущие потребности рынка диктуют необходимость получения сортов с повышенным содержанием и заданными свойствами крахмала, необходимым условием чего является получение детальной информации о процессе его метаболизма в организме растения. Процесс метаболизма крахмала сложен и представляет собой согласованную работу множества ферментов, транспортных и направляющих белков, транскрипционных и других регуляторных факторов. По принципу выполняемой биологической функции крахмал делится на два типа: транзиторный, который синтезируется в хлоропластах фотосинтезирующих органов и распадается при отсутствии освещения, обеспечивая клетку углеводами; и запасной, который синтезируется и хранится в амилопластах запасающих органов (зерен, клубней). Основные ферментативные реакции биосинтеза и деградации крахмала, а также транспорта и метаболизма углеводов хорошо изучены на транзиторном крахмале модельного объекта Arabidopsis thaliana; об особенностях метаболизма крахмала в запасающих органах, в частности клубнях картофеля, известно несколько меньше. При этом ряд вопросов остается открытым: недостаточно изучены участие различных изоформ ферментов и влияние на них регуляторных факторов в зависимости от ткани и стадии развития растения, а также условий внешней среды; реализация альтернативных путей ферментативных превращений; участие направляющих и транспортных белков. В данном обзоре рассмотрены ключевые ферментативные реакции углеводного обмена, биосинтеза и деградации транзиторного и запасного крахмала, общие для растений, и отмечены особенности, характерные для картофеля; уделено внимание известным регуляторным факторам, влияющим на метаболизм крахмала.

Starch is a major storage carbohydrate in plants. It is an important source of calories in the human and animal diet. Also, it is widely used in various industries. Native starch consists of water-insoluble semicrystalline granules formed by natural glucose polymers amylose and amylopectin. The physicochemical properties of starch are determined by the amylose:amylopectin ratio in the granule and degrees of their polymerization and phosphorylation. Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is one of the main starch-producing crops. Growing industrial needs necessitate the breeding of plant varieties with increased starch content and specified starch properties. This task demands detailed information on starch metabolism in the producing plant. It is a complex process, requiring the orchestrated work of many enzymes, transporter and targeting proteins, transcription factors, and other regulators. Two types of starch are recognized with regard to their biological functions. Transitory starch is synthesized in chloroplasts of photosynthetic organs and degraded in the absence of light, providing carbohydrates for cell needs. Storage starch is synthesized and stored in amyloplasts of storage organs: grains and tubers. The main enzymatic reactions of starch biosynthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, are well known in the case of transitory starch of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about features of starch metabolism in storage organs, in particular, potato tubers. Several issues remain obscure: the roles of enzyme isoforms and different regulatory factors in tissues at various plant developmental stages and under different environmental conditions; alternative enzymatic processes; targeting and transport proteins. In this review, the key enzymatic reactions of plant carbohydrate metabolism, transitory and storage starch biosynthesis, and starch degradation are discussed, and features specific for potato are outlined. Attention is also paid to the known regulatory factors affecting starch metabolism.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.