vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJGB-22-35vavilov-3362Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА И СЕЛЕКЦИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ НА ИММУНИТЕТ, КАЧЕСТВО, ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И СТРЕССОУСТОЙЧИВОСТЬANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDINGСоциальное поведение и пространственная ориентация у линий крыс с генетической предрасположенностью к кататонии (ГК) и стереотипиям (МД)Social behavior and spatial orientation in rat strains with genetic predisposition to catatonia (GC) and stereotypes (PM)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-0513ПлеканчукВ. С.PlekanchukV. S.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

lada9604@mail.ruПрокудинаО. И.ProkudinaO. I.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

РязановаМ. А.RyazanovaM. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университетРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State UniversityRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202204062022263281289Copyright © Плеканчук В.С., Прокудина О.И., Рязанова М.А., 20222022Плеканчук В.С., Прокудина О.И., Рязанова М.А.Plekanchuk V.S., Prokudina O.I., Ryazanova M.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3362

Различные психопатологии, включая шизофрению, биполярное расстройство и большое депрессивное расстройство, ассоциированы с отклонениями в социальном поведении и обучении. Одним из синдромов, который также может иметь место при этих расстройствах, является кататония. Кататония психомоторное расстройство, при котором могут наблюдаться двигательное возбуждение, стереотипии, ступор, в том числе с явлением «восковой гибкости» (каталепсии). Крысы с генетической кататонией (ГК) и маятникообразными стереотипными движениями (МД) имеют физиологические и поведенческие изменения, сходные с наблюдаемыми при шизофрении и депрессии у человека, и могут рассматриваться как неполные экспериментальные модели этих патологий. Социальное поведение крыс линий ГК и МД ранее не было исследовано, также недостаточно изучены когнитивные способности животных данных линий. Чтобы определить, имеются ли изменения в социальном поведении и пространственном обучении у крыс линий ГК и МД, было проведено их поведенческое фенотипирование в тесте «резидент-интрудер», трехкамерном тесте и лабиринте Барнс. В нашей работе показаны некоторые отклонения в социальном поведении, такие как усиление оборонительной агрессии у крыс МД, увеличение или уменьшение уровня социальных взаимодействий в зависимости от условий тестирования у крыс ГК. Кроме того, анализ главных компонент выявил отрицательную связь между кататоническим застыванием и индексом социальности в трехкамерном тесте. Снижение двигательной активности крыс ГК может негативно влиять на выполнение заданий по оценке пространственной памяти. Показано, что крысы МД не используют пространственную стратегию в лабиринте Барнс, что может указывать на нарушение обучения и пространственной памяти.

Various psychopathologies, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, are associated with abnormalities in social behavior and learning. One of the syndromes that may also take place in these disorders is catatonia. Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome in which motor excitement, stereotypy, stuporous state, including the phenomenon of “waxy flexibility” (catalepsy), can be observed. Rats with genetic catatonia (GC) and pendulum-like movements (PM) of the anterior half of the body have physiological and behavioral changes similar to those observed in schizophrenia and depression in humans and can be considered as incomplete experimental models of these pathologies. The social behavior of the GC and PM rats has not been previously studied, and the cognitive abilities of animals of these strains are also insufficiently studied. To determine whether the GC and PM rats have changes in social behavior and spatial learning, behavioral phenotyping was performed in the residentintruder test, three-chamber test, Barnes maze test. Some deviations in social behavior, such as increased offensive aggression in PM rats in the resident-intruder test, increased or decreased social interactions depending on the environment in different tests in GC, were shown. In addition, principal component analysis revealed a negative association between catatonic freezing and the socialization index in the three-chamber test. Decreased locomotor activity of GС rats can adversely affect the performance of tasks on spatial memory. It has been shown that PM rats do not use a spatial strategy in the Barnes maze, which may indicate impairment of learning and spatial memory.

кататониялиния крыс ГКлиния крыс МДэпилепсиястереотипииобучениесоциальное взаимодействиеcatatoniaGC rat strainPM rat strainepilepsystereotypeslearningsocial interactionThe authors thank R.V. Kozhemyakina, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, for help with planning the experiment. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation, grant No. 2019-0546 (FSUS-2020-0040) and budget project No. FWNR-2022-0019.ReferencesAdamczyk A., Mejias R., Takamiya K., Yocum J., Krasnova I.N., Caldero J., Wang T. GluA3-deficiency in mice is associated with increased social and aggressive behavior and elevated dopamine in striatum. Behav. Brain Res. 2012;229(1):265-272. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.007.Adamczyk A., Mejias R., Takamiya K., Yocum J., Krasnova I.N., Caldero J., Wang T. GluA3-deficiency in mice is associated with increased social and aggressive behavior and elevated dopamine in striatum. Behav. Brain Res. 2012;229(1):265-272. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.007.Alekhina T.A., Kozhemyakina R.V. Modeling of focal seizures with automatisms in rats with pendulum movements. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2019;168(2):300-303. DOI 10.1007/s10517-019-04695-7.Alekhina T.A., Kozhemyakina R.V. Modeling of focal seizures with automatisms in rats with pendulum movements. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2019;168(2):300-303. DOI 10.1007/s10517-019-04695-7.Alekhina T.A., Palchikova N.A., Igonina T.N., Kuznetsova N.V. Comparative analysis of imipramine intake reactions in catatonic and wistar rats. Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal im. I.M. Sechenova = Russian Journal of Physiology. 2015;101(3):249-257. (in Russian)Alekhina T.A., Palchikova N.A., Igonina T.N., Kuznetsova N.V. Comparative analysis of imipramine intake reactions in catatonic and wistar rats. Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal im. I.M. Sechenova = Russian Journal of Physiology. 2015;101(3):249-257. (in Russian)Alekhina T.A., Palchikova N.A., Kozhemyakina R.V., Prokudina O.I. The signs of destabilization in behavioral and somatovegetative parameters of rats selected for catatonia. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res. 2016;6(8):798-803. DOI 10.1134/S2079059716080025.Alekhina T.A., Palchikova N.A., Kozhemyakina R.V., Prokudina O.I. The signs of destabilization in behavioral and somatovegetative parameters of rats selected for catatonia. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res. 2016;6(8):798-803. DOI 10.1134/S2079059716080025.Alekhina T.A., Prokudina O.I., Ryazanova M.A., Ukolova T.N., Barykina N.N., Kolpakov V.G. Typological characteristics of behavior in strains of rats bred for enhancement and absence of pendulum movements. Association with brain monoamines. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 2007;57(3):336-343. (in Russian)Alekhina T.A., Prokudina O.I., Ryazanova M.A., Ukolova T.N., Barykina N.N., Kolpakov V.G. Typological characteristics of behavior in strains of rats bred for enhancement and absence of pendulum movements. Association with brain monoamines. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 2007;57(3):336-343. (in Russian)Alekhina T.A., Shtilman N.I., Nikulina E.M., Pavlov I.F., Barykina N.N. Aggression and learning in a strain of rats predisposed to catalepsy. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 1987;37(3):537-541. (in Russian)Alekhina T.A., Shtilman N.I., Nikulina E.M., Pavlov I.F., Barykina N.N. Aggression and learning in a strain of rats predisposed to catalepsy. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 1987;37(3):537-541. (in Russian)Anderzhanova E., Kirmeier T., Wotjak C.T. Animal models in psychiatric research: the RDoC system as a new framework for endophenotype-oriented translational neuroscience. Neurobiol. Stress. 2017;7:47-56. DOI 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.003.Anderzhanova E., Kirmeier T., Wotjak C.T. Animal models in psychiatric research: the RDoC system as a new framework for endophenotype-oriented translational neuroscience. Neurobiol. Stress. 2017;7:47-56. DOI 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.003.Barykina N.N., Chugui V.F., Alekhina T.A., Ryazanova M.A., Ukolova T.N., Sakharov D.G., Kolpakov V.G. Learning of rats predisposed to catalepsy in Morris water test. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 2009;59(6):728-735. (in Russian)Barykina N.N., Chugui V.F., Alekhina T.A., Ryazanova M.A., Ukolova T.N., Sakharov D.G., Kolpakov V.G. Learning of rats predisposed to catalepsy in Morris water test. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 2009;59(6):728-735. (in Russian)Brooks-Kayal A.R., Bath K.G., Berg A.T., Galanopoulou A.S., Holmes G.L., Jensen F.E., Scharfman H.E. Issues related to symptomatic and disease-modifying treatments affecting cognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54 (Suppl.4):44-60. DOI 10.1111/epi.12298.Brooks-Kayal A.R., Bath K.G., Berg A.T., Galanopoulou A.S., Holmes G.L., Jensen F.E., Scharfman H.E. Issues related to symptomatic and disease-modifying treatments affecting cognitive and neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013;54 (Suppl.4):44-60. DOI 10.1111/epi.12298.Crowley W.R., O’Connor L.H., Feder H.H. Neurotransmitter systems and social behavior. In: Balthazart J. (Ed.) Molecular and Cellular Basis of Social Behavior in Vertebrates. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; Springer, 1989;161-208. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-73827-2_4.Crowley W.R., O’Connor L.H., Feder H.H. Neurotransmitter systems and social behavior. In: Balthazart J. (Ed.) Molecular and Cellular Basis of Social Behavior in Vertebrates. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; Springer, 1989;161-208. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-73827-2_4.Deak T., Arakawa H., Bekkedal M.Y., Panksepp J. Validation of a novel social investigation task that may dissociate social motivation from exploratory activity. Behav. Brain Res. 2009;199(2):326-333. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.011.Deak T., Arakawa H., Bekkedal M.Y., Panksepp J. Validation of a novel social investigation task that may dissociate social motivation from exploratory activity. Behav. Brain Res. 2009;199(2):326-333. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.011.Deb S., Brizard B.A., Limbu B. Association between epilepsy and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open. 2020;6(5):e114. DOI 10.1192/bjo.2020.96.Deb S., Brizard B.A., Limbu B. Association between epilepsy and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych Open. 2020;6(5):e114. DOI 10.1192/bjo.2020.96.Desjardins D., Parker G., Cook L.L., Persinger M.A. Agonistic behavior in groups of limbic epileptic male rats: pattern of brain damage and moderating effects from normal rats. Brain Res. 2001;905(1-2): 26-33. DOI 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02454-4.Desjardins D., Parker G., Cook L.L., Persinger M.A. Agonistic behavior in groups of limbic epileptic male rats: pattern of brain damage and moderating effects from normal rats. Brain Res. 2001;905(1-2): 26-33. DOI 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02454-4.Fink M., Taylor M.A. The many varieties of catatonia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2001;251(Suppl.1):I/8-I/13. DOI 10.1007/pl00014200.Fink M., Taylor M.A. The many varieties of catatonia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2001;251(Suppl.1):I/8-I/13. DOI 10.1007/pl00014200.Fuquay J.M., Muha N., Pennington P.L., Ramsdell J.S. Domoic acid induced status epilepticus promotes aggressive behavior in rats. Physiol. Behav. 2012;105(2):315-320. DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.013.Fuquay J.M., Muha N., Pennington P.L., Ramsdell J.S. Domoic acid induced status epilepticus promotes aggressive behavior in rats. Physiol. Behav. 2012;105(2):315-320. DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.013.Gawel K., Gibula E., Marszalek-Grabska M., Filarowska J., Kotlinska J.H. Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents – methodological consideration. NaunynSchmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 2019;392(1):1-18. DOI 10.1007/s00210-018-1589-y.Gawel K., Gibula E., Marszalek-Grabska M., Filarowska J., Kotlinska J.H. Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents – methodological consideration. NaunynSchmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 2019;392(1):1-18. DOI 10.1007/s00210-018-1589-y.Glenn M.J., Batallán Burrowes A.A., Yu W., Blackmer‐Raynolds L., Norchi A., Doak A.L. Progression of behavioral deficits during periadolescent development differs in female and male DISC1 knockout rats. Genes Brain Behav. 2021;e12741. DOI 10.1111/gbb.12741.Glenn M.J., Batallán Burrowes A.A., Yu W., Blackmer‐Raynolds L., Norchi A., Doak A.L. Progression of behavioral deficits during periadolescent development differs in female and male DISC1 knockout rats. Genes Brain Behav. 2021;e12741. DOI 10.1111/gbb.12741.Gonzalez L.E., Rujano M., Tucci S., Paredes D., Silva E., Alba G., Hernandez L. Medial prefrontal transection enhances social interaction: I: Behavioral studies. Brain Res. 2000;887(1):7-15. DOI 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02931-0.Gonzalez L.E., Rujano M., Tucci S., Paredes D., Silva E., Alba G., Hernandez L. Medial prefrontal transection enhances social interaction: I: Behavioral studies. Brain Res. 2000;887(1):7-15. DOI 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02931-0.Harrison F.E., Hosseini A.H., McDonald M.P. Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks. Behav. Brain Res. 2009;198(1):247-251. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.015.Harrison F.E., Hosseini A.H., McDonald M.P. Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks. Behav. Brain Res. 2009;198(1):247-251. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.015.Jones C.A., Watson D.J.G., Fone K.C.F. Animal models of schizophrenia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2011;164(4):1162-1194. DOI 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01386.x.Jones C.A., Watson D.J.G., Fone K.C.F. Animal models of schizophrenia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2011;164(4):1162-1194. DOI 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01386.x.Kaidanovich-Beilin O., Lipina T., Vukobradovic I., Roder J., Woodgett J.R. Assessment of social interaction behaviors. J. Vis. Exp. 2011;48:e2473. DOI 10.3791/2473.Kaidanovich-Beilin O., Lipina T., Vukobradovic I., Roder J., Woodgett J.R. Assessment of social interaction behaviors. J. Vis. Exp. 2011;48:e2473. DOI 10.3791/2473.Kiser D.P., Rivero O., Lesch K.P. Annual research review: the (epi)genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders in the era of whole‐genome sequencing – unveiling the dark matter. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 2015;56(3):278-295. DOI 10.1111/jcpp.12392.Kiser D.P., Rivero O., Lesch K.P. Annual research review: the (epi)genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders in the era of whole‐genome sequencing – unveiling the dark matter. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 2015;56(3):278-295. DOI 10.1111/jcpp.12392.Koolhaas J.M., Coppens C.M., de Boer S.F., Buwalda B., Meerlo P., Timmermans P.J. The resident-intruder paradigm: a standardized test for aggression, violence and social stress. J. Vis. Exp. 2013;77:e4367. DOI 10.3791/4367.Koolhaas J.M., Coppens C.M., de Boer S.F., Buwalda B., Meerlo P., Timmermans P.J. The resident-intruder paradigm: a standardized test for aggression, violence and social stress. J. Vis. Exp. 2013;77:e4367. DOI 10.3791/4367.Krueger R.F., Kotov R., Watson D., Forbes M.K., Eaton N.R., Ruggero C.J., Zimmermann J. Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):282-293. DOI 10.1002/wps.20566.Krueger R.F., Kotov R., Watson D., Forbes M.K., Eaton N.R., Ruggero C.J., Zimmermann J. Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):282-293. DOI 10.1002/wps.20566.Li M., Zhang M. SU10. Behavioral characteristics of a DISC1 knockout rat model. Schizophr. Bull. 2017;43(Suppl.1):S164. DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbx024.009.Li M., Zhang M. SU10. Behavioral characteristics of a DISC1 knockout rat model. Schizophr. Bull. 2017;43(Suppl.1):S164. DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbx024.009.McAllister K.H. D-cycloserine enhances social behaviour in individually-housed mice in the resident-intruder test. Psychopharmacology. 1994;116(3):317-325. DOI 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90007-7.McAllister K.H. D-cycloserine enhances social behaviour in individually-housed mice in the resident-intruder test. Psychopharmacology. 1994;116(3):317-325. DOI 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90007-7.McLntyre D.C., McLeod W.S., Anisman H. Working and reference memory in seizure-prone and seizure-resistant rats: impact of amygdala kindling. Behav. Neurosci. 2004;118(2):314-323. DOI 10.1037/0735-7044.118.2.314.McLntyre D.C., McLeod W.S., Anisman H. Working and reference memory in seizure-prone and seizure-resistant rats: impact of amygdala kindling. Behav. Neurosci. 2004;118(2):314-323. DOI 10.1037/0735-7044.118.2.314.Nam H., Clinton S.M., Jackson N.L., Kerman I.A. Learned helplessness and social avoidance in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2014;8:109. DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00109.Nam H., Clinton S.M., Jackson N.L., Kerman I.A. Learned helplessness and social avoidance in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2014;8:109. DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00109.Nani J.V., Rodríguez B., Cruz F.C., Hayashi M.A.F. Animal models in psychiatric disorder studies. In: Tvrdá E., Yenisetti S.C. (Eds.) Animal Models in Medicine and Biology. IntechOpen, 2019. DOI 10.5772/intechopen.89034.Nani J.V., Rodríguez B., Cruz F.C., Hayashi M.A.F. Animal models in psychiatric disorder studies. In: Tvrdá E., Yenisetti S.C. (Eds.) Animal Models in Medicine and Biology. IntechOpen, 2019. DOI 10.5772/intechopen.89034.Neill J.C., Barnes S., Cook S., Grayson B., Idris N.F., McLean S.L., Harte M.K. Animal models of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: focus on NMDA receptor antagonism. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010;128(3):419-432. DOI 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.004.Neill J.C., Barnes S., Cook S., Grayson B., Idris N.F., McLean S.L., Harte M.K. Animal models of cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: focus on NMDA receptor antagonism. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010;128(3):419-432. DOI 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.004.Nelson E.E., Panksepp J. Brain substrates of infant–mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1998;22(3):437-452. DOI 10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00052-3.Nelson E.E., Panksepp J. Brain substrates of infant–mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1998;22(3):437-452. DOI 10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00052-3.Nikulina E.M., Popova N.K., Kolpakov V.G., Alekhina T.A. Brain dopaminergic system in rats with a genetic predisposition to catalepsy. Biog. Amines. 1987;4(4-6):399-406.Nikulina E.M., Popova N.K., Kolpakov V.G., Alekhina T.A. Brain dopaminergic system in rats with a genetic predisposition to catalepsy. Biog. Amines. 1987;4(4-6):399-406.Nosek K., Dennis K., Andrus B.M., Ahmadiyeh N., Baum A.E., Woods L.C.S., Redei E.E. Context and strain-dependent behavioral response to stress. Behav. Brain Funct. 2008;4(1):1-8. DOI 10.1186/1744-9081-4-23.Nosek K., Dennis K., Andrus B.M., Ahmadiyeh N., Baum A.E., Woods L.C.S., Redei E.E. Context and strain-dependent behavioral response to stress. Behav. Brain Funct. 2008;4(1):1-8. DOI 10.1186/1744-9081-4-23.O’Tuathaigh C.M.P., Babovic D., O’Sullivan G.J., Clifford J.J., Tighe O., Croke D.T., Waddington J.L. Phenotypic characterization of spatial cognition and social behavior in mice with ‘knockout’of the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin 1. Neuroscience. 2007;147(1): 18-27. DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.051.O’Tuathaigh C.M.P., Babovic D., O’Sullivan G.J., Clifford J.J., Tighe O., Croke D.T., Waddington J.L. Phenotypic characterization of spatial cognition and social behavior in mice with ‘knockout’of the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin 1. Neuroscience. 2007;147(1): 18-27. DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.051.Petrova E.V. Features of changes in congenital and acquired forms of behavior in rats with genetic catalepsy. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 1990;40(3):475-480. (in Russian)Petrova E.V. Features of changes in congenital and acquired forms of behavior in rats with genetic catalepsy. Zhurnal Vysshey Nervnoy Deyatel’nosti im. I.P. Pavlova = I.P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. 1990;40(3):475-480. (in Russian)Plekanchuk V.S., Ryazanova M.A. Expression of glutamate receptor genes in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in GC rat strain with genetic catatonia. J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 2021;57(1):156-163. DOI 10.1134/s0022093021010154.Plekanchuk V.S., Ryazanova M.A. Expression of glutamate receptor genes in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in GC rat strain with genetic catatonia. J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 2021;57(1):156-163. DOI 10.1134/s0022093021010154.Poletaeva I.I., Zorina Z.A. A genetic approach to the study of simple cognitive abilities in animals. Rossiyskiy Zhurnal Kognitivnoy Nauki = Russian Journal of Cognitive Science. 2014;1(3):31-55.Poletaeva I.I., Zorina Z.A. A genetic approach to the study of simple cognitive abilities in animals. Rossiyskiy Zhurnal Kognitivnoy Nauki = Russian Journal of Cognitive Science. 2014;1(3):31-55.Powell C.M., Miyakawa T. Schizophrenia-relevant behavioral testing in rodent models: a uniquely human disorder? Biol. Psychiatry. 2006;59(12):1198-1207. DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.008.Powell C.M., Miyakawa T. Schizophrenia-relevant behavioral testing in rodent models: a uniquely human disorder? Biol. Psychiatry. 2006;59(12):1198-1207. DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.008.Ryazanova M.A., Igonina T.N., Alekhina T.A., Prokudina O.I. The increase in the proportion of nervous animals bred for catatonia: the participation of central adrenoreceptors in catatonic reactions. Russ. J. Genet. 2012;48:1141-1147. DOI 10.1134/S1022795412100092.Ryazanova M.A., Igonina T.N., Alekhina T.A., Prokudina O.I. The increase in the proportion of nervous animals bred for catatonia: the participation of central adrenoreceptors in catatonic reactions. Russ. J. Genet. 2012;48:1141-1147. DOI 10.1134/S1022795412100092.Ryazanova M.A., Prokudina O.I., Plekanchuk V.S., Alekhina T.A. Expression of catecholaminergic genes in the midbrain and prepulse inhibition in rats with a genetic catatonia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017;21(7):798-803. DOI 10.18699/VJ17.296. (in Russian)Ryazanova M.A., Prokudina O.I., Plekanchuk V.S., Alekhina T.A. Expression of catecholaminergic genes in the midbrain and prepulse inhibition in rats with a genetic catatonia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017;21(7):798-803. DOI 10.18699/VJ17.296. (in Russian)Sams-Dodd F., Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal lesions of the rat ventral hippocampus result in hyperlocomotion and deficits in social behaviour in adulthood. Psychopharmacology. 1997;132(3): 303-310. DOI 10.1007/s002130050349.Sams-Dodd F., Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R. Neonatal lesions of the rat ventral hippocampus result in hyperlocomotion and deficits in social behaviour in adulthood. Psychopharmacology. 1997;132(3): 303-310. DOI 10.1007/s002130050349.Samsom J.N., Wong A.H.C. Schizophrenia and depression co-morbidity: what we have learned from animal models. Front. Psychiatry. 2015;6:13. DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013.Samsom J.N., Wong A.H.C. Schizophrenia and depression co-morbidity: what we have learned from animal models. Front. Psychiatry. 2015;6:13. DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00013.Shevelkin A.V., Terrillion C.E., Abazyan B.N., Kajstura T.J., Jouroukhin Y.A., Rudow G.L., Pletnikov M.V. Expression of mutant DISC1 in Purkinje cells increases their spontaneous activity and impairs cognitive and social behaviors in mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 2017;103:144-153. DOI 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.008.Shevelkin A.V., Terrillion C.E., Abazyan B.N., Kajstura T.J., Jouroukhin Y.A., Rudow G.L., Pletnikov M.V. Expression of mutant DISC1 in Purkinje cells increases their spontaneous activity and impairs cognitive and social behaviors in mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 2017;103:144-153. DOI 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.008.Smolensky I.V., Zubareva O.E., Kalemenev S.V., Lavrentyeva V.V., Dyomina A.V., Karepanov A.A., Zaitsev A.V. Impairments in cognitive functions and emotional and social behaviors in a rat lithiumpilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Behav. Brain Res. 2019;372:112044. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112044.Smolensky I.V., Zubareva O.E., Kalemenev S.V., Lavrentyeva V.V., Dyomina A.V., Karepanov A.A., Zaitsev A.V. Impairments in cognitive functions and emotional and social behaviors in a rat lithiumpilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Behav. Brain Res. 2019;372:112044. DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112044.Stansley B.J., Yamamoto B.K. Behavioral impairments and serotonin reductions in rats after chronic L-dopa. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232(17):3203-3213. DOI 10.1007/s00213-015-3980-4.Stansley B.J., Yamamoto B.K. Behavioral impairments and serotonin reductions in rats after chronic L-dopa. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232(17):3203-3213. DOI 10.1007/s00213-015-3980-4.Sultana R., Lee C.C. Expression of behavioral phenotypes in genetic and environmental mouse models of schizophrenia. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2020;14:29. DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00029.Sultana R., Lee C.C. Expression of behavioral phenotypes in genetic and environmental mouse models of schizophrenia. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2020;14:29. DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00029.Timofeeva A.S. (Ed.) Genetic and Evolutionary Problems in Psychiatry. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1985. (in Russian)Timofeeva A.S. (Ed.) Genetic and Evolutionary Problems in Psychiatry. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1985. (in Russian)Varlinskaya E.I., Spear L.P., Spear N.E. Acute effects of ethanol on behavior of adolescent rats: role of social context. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2001;25(3):377-385. DOI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02224.x.Varlinskaya E.I., Spear L.P., Spear N.E. Acute effects of ethanol on behavior of adolescent rats: role of social context. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2001;25(3):377-385. DOI 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02224.x.Vekovischeva O.Y., Aitta‐aho T., Echenko O., Kankaanpää A., Seppälä T., Honkanen A., Korpi E.R. Reduced aggression in AMPA-type glutamate receptor GluR-A subunit-deficient mice. Genes Brain Behav. 2004;3(5):253-265. DOI 10.1111/j.1601-1848.2004.00075.x.Vekovischeva O.Y., Aitta‐aho T., Echenko O., Kankaanpää A., Seppälä T., Honkanen A., Korpi E.R. Reduced aggression in AMPA-type glutamate receptor GluR-A subunit-deficient mice. Genes Brain Behav. 2004;3(5):253-265. DOI 10.1111/j.1601-1848.2004.00075.x.Volavka J., Citrome L. Heterogeneity of violence in schizophrenia and implications for long‐term treatment. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2008;62(8):1237-1245. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01797.x.Volavka J., Citrome L. Heterogeneity of violence in schizophrenia and implications for long‐term treatment. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2008;62(8):1237-1245. DOI 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01797.x.Wilson J.E., Niu K., Nicolson S.E., Levine S.Z., Heckers S. The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia. Schizophr. Res. 2015;164(1-3): 256-262. DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036.Wilson J.E., Niu K., Nicolson S.E., Levine S.Z., Heckers S. The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia. Schizophr. Res. 2015;164(1-3): 256-262. DOI 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036.Winship I.R., Dursun S.M., Baker G.B., Balista P.A., Kandratavicius L., Maia-de-Oliveira J.P., Howland J.G. An overview of animal models related to schizophrenia. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2019;64(1): 5-17. DOI 10.1177/0706743718773728.Winship I.R., Dursun S.M., Baker G.B., Balista P.A., Kandratavicius L., Maia-de-Oliveira J.P., Howland J.G. An overview of animal models related to schizophrenia. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2019;64(1): 5-17. DOI 10.1177/0706743718773728.Yassine N., Lazaris A., Dorner-Ciossek C., Després O., Meyer L., Maitre M., Mathis C. Detecting spatial memory deficits beyond blindness in tg2576 Alzheimer mice. Neurobiol. Aging. 2013;34(3):716730. DOI 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.016.Yassine N., Lazaris A., Dorner-Ciossek C., Després O., Meyer L., Maitre M., Mathis C. Detecting spatial memory deficits beyond blindness in tg2576 Alzheimer mice. Neurobiol. Aging. 2013;34(3):716730. DOI 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.016.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.