<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJGB-22-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3390</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕСТ-СИСТЕМЫ И ВАКЦИНОПРОФИЛАКТИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Стабильность генома вакцинного штамма VAC∆6</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genome stability of the vaccine strain VAC∆6</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максютов</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksyutov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-390X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубицкий</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubitskiy</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колосова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolosova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трегубчак</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tregubchak</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Швалов</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvalov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-9745</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>р. п. Кольцово, Новосибирская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>394</fpage><lpage>401</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Максютов Р.А., Якубицкий С.Н., Колосова И.В., Трегубчак Т.В., Швалов А.Н., Гаврилова Е.В., Щелкунов С.Н., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Максютов Р.А., Якубицкий С.Н., Колосова И.В., Трегубчак Т.В., Швалов А.Н., Гаврилова Е.В., Щелкунов С.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maksyutov R.A., Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Tregubchak T.V., Shvalov A.N., Gavrilova E.V., Shchelkunov S.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3390">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3390</self-uri><abstract><p>В связи с прекращением после 1980 г. массовой противооспенной вакцинации в настоящее время практически полностью утрачен коллективный иммунитет человеческой популяции к ортопоксвирусным инфекциям. Вследствие этого увеличилась опасность распространения в мире зоонозных ортопоксвирусных инфекций человека, обусловленных вирусами оспы обезьян или оспы коров. Противооспенные вакцины первого поколения на основе вируса осповакцины (Vaccinia virus, VAC) являются реактогенными и поэтому в современных условиях не пригодны для массовой вакцинации. Это обусловливает необходимость разработки современных безопасных живых вакцин на основе VAC с применением методов генетической инженерии. С использованием метода временной доминантной селекции нами создан штамм VACΔ6, в геноме которого пять генов вирулентности направленно делетированы, а один ген инактивирован встройкой синтетического фрагмента ДНК. В процессе получения штамма VACΔ6 из клонового варианта VAC LIVP вирус прошел 71 пассаж в культуре клеток CV-1. Такая длинная пассажная история могла привести к дополнительным нецелевым изменениям в геноме штамма VACΔ6 относительно исходного LIVP. Поэтому для оценки возможных нецелевых изменений провели полногеномное секвенирование VAC LIVP, VACΔ6 и пяти промежуточных штаммов вируса. Сравнительный анализ полных вирусных геномов показал, что, помимо целевых нарушений, спонтанно произошли только две нуклеотидные замены при получении VACΔ4 из штамма VACΔ3 и сохранившиеся в геноме VACΔ5 и VACΔ6. При этом обе эти замены находятся в межгенных участках (позиции 1431 и 189738 относительно штамма LIVP), что указывает на крайне редкое возникновение нецелевых изменений при использовании методики временной доминантной селекции для получения рекомбинантных VAC со множественными встройками/делециями. Для выяснения стабильности генома полученного аттенуированного вакцинного штамма и в соответствии с «Руководством по проведению клинических исследований лекарственных средств…» выполнено 15 последовательных циклов культивирования производственного штамма вируса VACΔ6 в культуре клеток 4647, аттестованной для производства вакцины. ПЦР-анализ и секвенирование шести фрагментов ДНК, соответствующих районам нарушаемых генов VACΔ6, показали, что после 15 пассажей в культуре клеток 4647 все последовательности вирусной ДНК остались неизменными.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Due to cessation of mass smallpox vaccination in 1980, the collective immunity of humans against orthopoxvirus infections has virtually been lost. Therefore, the risk of spreading zoonotic human orthopoxvirus infections caused by monkeypox and cowpox viruses has increased in the world. First-generation smallpox vaccines based on Vaccinia virus (VAC) are reactogenic and therefore not suitable for mass vaccination under current conditions. This necessitates the development of modern safe live vaccines based on VAC using genetic engineering. We created the VACΔ6 strain by transient dominant selection. In the VACΔ6 genome, five virulence genes were intentionally deleted, and one gene was inactivated by inserting a synthetic DNA fragment. The virus was passaged 71 times in CV-1 cells to obtain the VACΔ6 strain from the VAC LIVP clonal variant. Such a long passage history might have led to additional off-target mutations in VACΔ6 compared to the original LIVP variant. To prevent this, we performed a genome-wide sequencing of VAC LIVP, VACΔ6, and five intermediate viral strains to assess possible off-target mutations. A comparative analysis of complete viral genomes showed that, in addition to target mutations, only two nucleotide substitutions occurred spontaneously when obtaining VACΔ4 from the VACΔ3 strain; the mutations persisting in the VACΔ5 and VACΔ6 genomes. Both nucleotide substitutions are located in intergenic regions (positions 1431 and 189738 relative to LIVP), which indicates an extremely rare occurrence of off-target mutations when using transient dominant selection to obtain recombinant VAC variants with multiple insertions/deletions. To assess the genome stability of the resulting attenuated vaccine strain, 15 consecutive cycles of cultivation of the industrial VACΔ6 strain were performed in 4647 cells certified for vaccine production in accordance with the “Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Medicinal Products”. PCR and sequencing analysis of six DNA fragments corresponding to the regions of disrupted genes in VACΔ6 showed that all viral DNA sequences remained unchanged after 15 passages in 4647 cells.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус осповакцины</kwd><kwd>временная доминантная селекция</kwd><kwd>направленная инактивация генов</kwd><kwd>стабильность генома</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>transient dominant selection</kwd><kwd>targeted gene inactivation</kwd><kwd>genome stability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albarnaz J.D., Torres A.A., Smith G.L. Modulating vaccinia virus immunomodulators to improve immunological memory. Viruses. 2018; 10(3):101. DOI 10.3390/v10030101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albarnaz J.D., Torres A.A., Smith G.L. Modulating vaccinia virus immunomodulators to improve immunological memory. Viruses. 2018; 10(3):101. DOI 10.3390/v10030101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanchard T.J., Alcami A., Andrea P., Smith G.L. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine. J. Gen. Virol. 1998;79(Pt. 5):1159-1167. DOI 10.1099/0022-1317-79-5-1159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanchard T.J., Alcami A., Andrea P., Smith G.L. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine. J. Gen. Virol. 1998;79(Pt. 5):1159-1167. DOI 10.1099/0022-1317-79-5-1159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drexler I., Heller K., Wahren B., Erfle V., Sutter G. Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara replicates in baby hamster kidney cells, a potential host for virus propagation, but not in various human transformed and primary cells. J. Gen. Virol. 1998;79(Pt. 2): 347-352. DOI 10.1099/0022-1317-79-2-347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drexler I., Heller K., Wahren B., Erfle V., Sutter G. Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara replicates in baby hamster kidney cells, a potential host for virus propagation, but not in various human transformed and primary cells. J. Gen. Virol. 1998;79(Pt. 2): 347-352. DOI 10.1099/0022-1317-79-2-347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eto A., Saito T., Yokote H., Kurane I., Kanatani Y. Recent advances in the study of live attenuated cell-cultured smallpox vaccine LC16m8. Vaccine. 2015;33(45):6106-6111. DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eto A., Saito T., Yokote H., Kurane I., Kanatani Y. Recent advances in the study of live attenuated cell-cultured smallpox vaccine LC16m8. Vaccine. 2015;33(45):6106-6111. DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falkner F.G., Moss B. Transient dominant selection of recombinant vaccinia viruses. J. Virol. 1990;64(6):3108-3111. DOI 10.1128/JVI.64.6.3108-3111.1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falkner F.G., Moss B. Transient dominant selection of recombinant vaccinia viruses. J. Virol. 1990;64(6):3108-3111. DOI 10.1128/JVI.64.6.3108-3111.1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Medicinal Products (Immunobiological Medicinal Products). Part 2. Moscow: Grif and K Publ., 2012. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guidelines for Clinical Trials of Medicinal Products (Immunobiological Medicinal Products). Part 2. Moscow: Grif and K Publ., 2012. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katoh K., Misawa K., Kuma K., Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30(14):3059-3066. DOI 10.1093/nar/gkf436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katoh K., Misawa K., Kuma K., Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30(14):3059-3066. DOI 10.1093/nar/gkf436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kidokoro M., Shida H. Vaccinia virus LC16m8∆ as a vaccine vector for clinical applications. Vaccines. 2014;2(4):755-771. DOI 10.3390/vaccines2040755.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kidokoro M., Shida H. Vaccinia virus LC16m8∆ as a vaccine vector for clinical applications. Vaccines. 2014;2(4):755-771. DOI 10.3390/vaccines2040755.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kretzschmar M., Wallinga J., Teunis P., Xing S., Mikolajczyk R. Frequency of adverse events after vaccination with different vaccinia strains. PLoS Med. 2006;3(8):e272. DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kretzschmar M., Wallinga J., Teunis P., Xing S., Mikolajczyk R. Frequency of adverse events after vaccination with different vaccinia strains. PLoS Med. 2006;3(8):e272. DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H., Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows– Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(14):1754-1760. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H., Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows– Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(14):1754-1760. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H., Handsaker B., Wysoker A., Fennell T., Ruan J., Homer N., Marth G., Abecasis G., Durbin R. The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(16):2078-2079. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H., Handsaker B., Wysoker A., Fennell T., Ruan J., Homer N., Marth G., Abecasis G., Durbin R. The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(16):2078-2079. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKenna A., Hanna M., Banks E., Sivachenko A., Cibulskis K., Kernytsky A., Garimella K., Altshuler D., Gabriel S., Daly M., DePristo M.A. The genome analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Res. 2010;20(9):1297-1303. DOI 10.1101/gr.107524.110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKenna A., Hanna M., Banks E., Sivachenko A., Cibulskis K., Kernytsky A., Garimella K., Altshuler D., Gabriel S., Daly M., DePristo M.A. The genome analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Res. 2010;20(9):1297-1303. DOI 10.1101/gr.107524.110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moss B. Smallpox vaccines: Targets of protective immunity. Immunol. Rev. 2011;239(1):8-26. DOI 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00975.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moss B. Smallpox vaccines: Targets of protective immunity. Immunol. Rev. 2011;239(1):8-26. DOI 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00975.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nolen L.D., Osadebe L., Katomba J., Likofata J., Mukadi D., Monroe B., Doty J., Hughes C.M., Kabamba J., Malekani J., Bomponda P.L., Lokota J.I., Balilo M.P., Likafi T., Lushima R.S., Ilunga B.K., Nkawa F., Pukuta E., Karhemere S., Tamfum J.J., Nguete B., Wemakoy E.O., McCollum A.M., Reynolds M.G. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016;22(6):1014-1021. DOI 10.3201/eid2206.150579.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nolen L.D., Osadebe L., Katomba J., Likofata J., Mukadi D., Monroe B., Doty J., Hughes C.M., Kabamba J., Malekani J., Bomponda P.L., Lokota J.I., Balilo M.P., Likafi T., Lushima R.S., Ilunga B.K., Nkawa F., Pukuta E., Karhemere S., Tamfum J.J., Nguete B., Wemakoy E.O., McCollum A.M., Reynolds M.G. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016;22(6):1014-1021. DOI 10.3201/eid2206.150579.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okonechnikov K., Golosova O., Fursov M., UGENE team. Unipro UGENE: a unified bioinformatics toolkit. Bioinformatics. 2012; 28(8):1166-1167. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts091.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okonechnikov K., Golosova O., Fursov M., UGENE team. Unipro UGENE: a unified bioinformatics toolkit. Bioinformatics. 2012; 28(8):1166-1167. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts091.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds M.G., Doty J.B., McCollum A.M., Olson V.A., Nakazawa Y. Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: a call to expand the concept and practice of One Health. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2019;17(2): 129-139. DOI 10.1080/14787210.2019.1567330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds M.G., Doty J.B., McCollum A.M., Olson V.A., Nakazawa Y. Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: a call to expand the concept and practice of One Health. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2019;17(2): 129-139. DOI 10.1080/14787210.2019.1567330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson J.T., Thorvaldsdottir H., Winckler W., Guttman M., Lander E.S., Getz G., Mesirov J.P. Integrative genomics viewer. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011;29(1):24-26. DOI 10.1038/nbt.1754.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson J.T., Thorvaldsdottir H., Winckler W., Guttman M., Lander E.S., Getz G., Mesirov J.P. Integrative genomics viewer. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011;29(1):24-26. DOI 10.1038/nbt.1754.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanchez-Sampedro L., Perdiguero B., Mejias-Perez E., Garcia-Arriaza J., Di Pilato M., Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses. 2015;7(4):1726-1803. DOI 10.3390/v7041726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanchez-Sampedro L., Perdiguero B., Mejias-Perez E., Garcia-Arriaza J., Di Pilato M., Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses. 2015;7(4):1726-1803. DOI 10.3390/v7041726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunov S.N. Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need in development of a new generation smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2011;29(Suppl. 4):D49-D53. DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N. Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need in development of a new generation smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2011;29(Suppl. 4):D49-D53. DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunov S.N. An increasing danger of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(12):e1003756. DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003756.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N. An increasing danger of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(12):e1003756. DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003756.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunov S.N., Shchelkunova G.A. Genes that control vaccinia virus immunogenicity. Acta Naturae. 2020;12(1):33-41. DOI 10.32607/actanaturae.10935.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N., Shchelkunova G.A. Genes that control vaccinia virus immunogenicity. Acta Naturae. 2020;12(1):33-41. DOI 10.32607/actanaturae.10935.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh R.K., Balamurugan V., Bhanuprakash V., Venkatesan G., Hosamani M. Emergence and reemergence of vaccinia-like viruses: global scenario and perspectives. Indian J. Virol. 2012;23(1):1-11. DOI 10.1007/s13337-012-0068-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh R.K., Balamurugan V., Bhanuprakash V., Venkatesan G., Hosamani M. Emergence and reemergence of vaccinia-like viruses: global scenario and perspectives. Indian J. Virol. 2012;23(1):1-11. DOI 10.1007/s13337-012-0068-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volz A., Sutter G. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara. History, value in basic research, and current perspectives for vaccine development. Adv. Virus Res. 2017;97:187-243. DOI 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volz A., Sutter G. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara. History, value in basic research, and current perspectives for vaccine development. Adv. Virus Res. 2017;97:187-243. DOI 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Attenuation of vaccinia virus. Acta Naturae. 2015;7(4):113-121. DOI 10.32607/20758251-2015-7-4-113-121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Attenuation of vaccinia virus. Acta Naturae. 2015;7(4):113-121. DOI 10.32607/20758251-2015-7-4-113-121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Highly immunogenic variant of attenuated vaccinia virus. Dokl. Biochem. Biophys. 2016;466:35-38. DOI 10.1134/S1607672916010105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. Highly immunogenic variant of attenuated vaccinia virus. Dokl. Biochem. Biophys. 2016;466:35-38. DOI 10.1134/S1607672916010105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
