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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ15.004</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-343</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>On the 150th anniversary of Gregor Mendel’s report “Experiments in plant hybridization”</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>История открытий на дрозофиле – этапы развития генетики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The history of Drosophila studies: steps in the development of genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрченко</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurchenko</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">yurchen@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванников</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivannikov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>И. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>I. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук, Новосибирск, Россия;&#13;
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет», Новосибирск, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia&#13;
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юрченко Н.Н., Иванников А.В., Захаров И.К., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юрченко Н.Н., Иванников А.В., Захаров И.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yurchenko N.N., Ivannikov A.V., Zakharov I.K.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/343">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/343</self-uri><abstract><p>Экспериментальная генетика дрозофилы ведет свое начало с обнаружения Т.Х. Морганом в 1910 г. сцепленной с полом мутации «белые глаза» – white. С этого началось преобразование «наследственных факторов» Г.И. Менделя в более конкретные, но от этого не менее таинственные, «гены» В.Л. Иогансена. Благодаря своим биологическим характеристикам дрозофила оказалась универсальным модельным объектом исследований среди эукариот в исследованиях по генетике, эмбриологии, морфологии, физиологии, молекулярной и клеточной биологии. В сущности история открытий на видах рода Drosophila отражает основные этапы развития генетики. Результаты изучения дрозофилы заложили основы представлений генетики о природе гена, генетического сцепления, сегрегации хромосом при митозе и мейозе, механизмов мутагенеза и рекомбинации, генетической нестабильности и о мобильных генетических элементах, о закономерностях онтогенеза и генетики индивидуального развития, микроэволюционных процессов в популяциях. В работе рассмотрены этапы и ключевые моменты развития генетики на примерах американской и русской генетических школ. Для американской генетики был характерен «редукционизм», в то время как для русской генетики присущ «космизм»: через процессы микроэволюции в природных популяциях дрозофилы стремление понять закономерности макроэволюции. Благодаря простоте формально-генетического изучения в сочетании с существующей гомологией по генам- ортологам и по фундаментальным метаболическим путям эукариот, исследования на дрозофиле стали полигоном для испытания новых генетических методов и продолжают оказывать значительное влияние на биомедицинские исследования. Обозначены некоторые из приоритетных направлений в современных исследованиях, проводимых на дрозофиле. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Experimental genetic studies of Drosophila were initiated by T.H. Morgan in 1910, when he discovered the sex-linked white-eyed mutation, white. This discovery commenced the transformation of Mendel’s “hereditary factors” to more specific but no less enigmatic W.L. Johanssen’s “genes”. Owing to Drosophila’s biologic features, it became a universal eukaryotic model for genetic, embryological, morphological, physiological, molecular, and cellular studies. Actually, the history of discoveries done on Drosophila species reflects the course of genetics development. That was Drosophila studies to lay foundation for genetic notions of the nature of genes, genetic linkage, mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation, mechanisms governing mutagenesis and recombination, genetic instability, mobile genetic elements, regularities and genetics of individual development, and microevolutionary processes in populations. The paper considers steps and milestones of genetics development by examples of the American and Russian genetic schools. The American genetics was characterized by “reductionism”, whereas the Russian genetics was inclined to “cosmism”, where emphasis was placed on the understanding of macroevolutionary processes. Drosophila has become a test ground to try new genetic methods, and its studies contribute much to biomedical science. The paper outlines several top priority fields in modern Drosophila studies. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Drosophila melanogaster</kwd><kwd>ген</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>мутагенез</kwd><kwd>хромосомная теория наследственности</kwd><kwd>дупликации</kwd><kwd>транслокации</kwd><kwd>кроссинговер</kwd><kwd>эффект положения</kwd><kwd>дозовая компенсация</kwd><kwd>нестабильность генома</kwd><kwd>мобильные генетические элементы</kwd><kwd>популяция</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Drosophila melanogaster</kwd><kwd>gene</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>chromosome theory of heredity</kwd><kwd>duplications</kwd><kwd>translocations</kwd><kwd>crossover</kwd><kwd>positional effect</kwd><kwd>dose compensation</kwd><kwd>genome instability</kwd><kwd>mobile genetic elements</kwd><kwd>population</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>reductionism</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ананьев Е.В. 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