vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJGB-22-77vavilov-3528Research ArticleГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ РАСТЕНИЙPLANT GENETICS RESOUCESМетаболомные профили Ribes nigrum L. и Lonicera caerulea L. из коллекции ВИР им. Н.И. Вавилова в условиях Северо-Запада РФMetabolomic profiles of Ribes nigrum L. and Lonicera caerulea L. from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute in the setting of Northwest Russiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-5353ШеленгаТ. В.ShelengaT. V.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-7662ПоповВ. С.PopovV. S.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

popovitaly@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-1014КонаревА. В.KonarevA. V.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-7662ТихоноваН. Г.TikhonovaN. G.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0319-1477ТихоноваО. А.TikhonovaO. A.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-6968КервЮ. А.KervY. A.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6062-4139СмоленскаяА. Е.SmolenskayaA. E.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8595-1336МалышевЛ. Л.MalyshevL. L.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР)РоссияFederal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)Russian Federation202228112022267630636Copyright © Шеленга Т.В., Попов В.С., Конарев А.В., Тихонова Н.Г., Тихонова О.А., Керв Ю.А., Смоленская А.Е., Малышев Л.Л., 20222022Шеленга Т.В., Попов В.С., Конарев А.В., Тихонова Н.Г., Тихонова О.А., Керв Ю.А., Смоленская А.Е., Малышев Л.Л.Shelenga T.V., Popov V.S., Konarev A.V., Tikhonova N.G., Tikhonova O.A., Kerv Y.A., Smolenskaya A.E., Malyshev L.L.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3528

В последнее время актуализируются тенденция использования плодово-ягодных культур как ингредиентов для функционального и диетического питания, разработка и внедрение ароматизаторов, пигментов, новых лекарственных препаратов и биологически активных добавок. Направление применения зависит от биохимических характеристик плодов, которые обусловлены не только видовыми и сортовыми особенностями, но и условиями репродукции, поэтому исследование биохимического состава плодовых, выращенных в различных регионах мира, продолжает быть актуальным. В этой связи коллекция ВИР им. Н.И. Вавилова, обладающая широким разнообразием плодово-ягодных культур, представляет значительный интерес для изучения. Плоды Ribes nigrum отличаются сбалансированным набором сахаров, органических кислот, эфирных масел, микроэлементов, высоким содержанием витаминов, антоцианов, пектинов. Для плодов Lonicera caerulea характерны высокие значения фенолсодержащих веществ: биофлавоноидов, оксикоричных кислот, флавонолов, полифенолов, антоцианов, а также витаминов, каротиноидов, иридоидных гликозидов и других природных антиоксидантов. Исследование L. caerulea и R. nigrum из коллекции ВИР с применением газожидкостной хроматографии, сопряженной с массспектрометрией, позволяет получить новые сведения о биохимических характеристиках плодов, выделить сорта L. caerulea и R. nigrum с оптимальными хозяйственно ценными признаками, выявить специфику метаболомных спектров L. caerulea и R. nigrum в условиях Северо-Запада Российской Федерации. В результате анализа идентифицированы соединения, характерные для метаболомного профиля каждой из культур. У L. caerulea превалировали органические кислоты, фенолсодержащие соединения, полиолы, у R. nigrum – моно- и олигосахара. Качественный состав сортов черной смородины «Маленький Принц», «Добрый Джинн», «Tisel», «Орловский Вальс» и жимолости синей «С 322-4», «Мальвина», «Ленинградский Великан» оказался оптимальным для пищевого употребления. Сорта жимолости синей «Бажовская» и черной смородины «Алеандр» с хорошей представленностью биологически активных соединений привлекательны в качестве сырья для производства биологически активных добавок, в том числе с использованием культур микроорганизмов.

Recently, the trend of using fruit and berry crops as ingredients for functional and dietary nutrition, the development and implementation of flavors, pigments, new medicines and dietary supplements has been actualized. Because the direction of use depends on the biochemical properties of fruits, which are determined not only by species and varietal characteristics, but also by reproduction conditions, the study of the biochemical composition of fruits grown in various regions of the world continues to be relevant. In this regard, the collection of N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR), which has a wide diversity of fruit and berry crops, is of great interest for study. Ribes nigrum fruits have a balanced set of sugars, organic acids, essential oils, microelements, a high content of vitamins, anthocyanins, pectins. Lonicera caerulea fruits are characterized by high values of phenolic substances: bioflavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, polyphenols, anthocyanins, as well as vitamins, carotenoids, iridoid glycosides and other natural antioxidants. The investigation of L. caerulea and R. nigrum fruit’s accessions from the VIR collection using gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows us to obtain new information about the biochemical characteristics of fruits, to identify L. caerulea and R. nigrum varieties with optimal economically valuable characteristics, to determine the specificity of L. caerulea and R. nigrum metabolomic spectra in the setting of Northwest Russia. As a result of the analysis, typical compounds of the metabolomic profile of each culture were identified. Organic acids, phenol-containing compounds and polyols prevailed in L. caerulea, while mono- and oligosaccharides, in R. nigrum. The qualitative composition of the black currant varieties ‘Malen’kii Printz’, ‘Dobriyi Dzhinn’, ‘Tisel’, ‘Orlovskii Val’s’, and blue honeysuckle ‘S 322-4’, ‘Malvina’, ‘Leningradsky Velikan’ was optimal for food consumption; the varieties of blue honeysuckle ‘Bazhovskaya’ and black currant ‘Aleander’ had a good representation of biologically active compounds, which makes samples attractive as raw materials for the production of biologically active additives, including with the use of microorganisms’ cultures.

Ribes nigrum L.Lonicera caerulea L.коллекция ВИР им. Н.И. Вавилованеспецифическое метаболомное профилированиегазожидкостная хроматографиямасс-спектрометрияплодовые культурыбиологически активные веществаRibes nigrum L.Lonicera caerulea L.VIR collectionnonspecific metabolomic profilinggas-liquid chromatographymass spectrometryfruit cropsbiologically active substancesThe work was carried out in accordance with the Workplan topic No. 0481-2022-0004 “Improvement of approaches and methods of ex situ conservation of the identified gene pool of vegetatively propagated crops and their wild relatives, development of technologies for their effective use in breeding”.ReferencesDudnik A., Almeida A.F., Andrade R., Avila B., Bañados P., Barbay D., Bassard J.E., Benkoulouche M., Bott M., Braga A., … Vogt M., Wang L., Wang L., Wei W., Youssef S., Neves A.R., Forster J. BacHBerry: BACterial Hosts for production of Bioactive phenolics from bERRY fruits. Phytochem. Rev. 2018;17:291-326. DOI:10.1007/s11101-017-9532-2.Dudnik A., Almeida A.F., Andrade R., Avila B., Bañados P., Barbay D., Bassard J.E., Benkoulouche M., Bott M., Braga A., … Vogt M., Wang L., Wang L., Wei W., Youssef S., Neves A.R., Forster J. BacHBerry: BACterial Hosts for production of Bioactive phenolics from bERRY fruits. Phytochem. Rev. 2018;17:291-326. DOI:10.1007/s11101-017-9532-2.Gołba M., Sokół-Łętowska A., Kucharska A.Z. Health properties and composition of honeysuckle berry Lonicera caerulea L. an update on recent studies. Molecules. 2020;25(3):749. DOI:10.3390/molecules25030749.Gołba M., Sokół-Łętowska A., Kucharska A.Z. Health properties and composition of honeysuckle berry Lonicera caerulea L. an update on recent studies. Molecules. 2020;25(3):749. DOI:10.3390/molecules25030749.Juríková T., Mlček J., Žitná M., Hlaváčová I., Dokoupil L., Sochor J., Ercisli S., Ozkan G. Fruit maturity stage in relation to content of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of selected clones of Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark. Genetika. 2020;52(3): 881-893. DOI:10.2298/GENSR2003881J.Juríková T., Mlček J., Žitná M., Hlaváčová I., Dokoupil L., Sochor J., Ercisli S., Ozkan G. Fruit maturity stage in relation to content of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of selected clones of Lonicera kamtschatica (Sevast.) Pojark. Genetika. 2020;52(3): 881-893. DOI:10.2298/GENSR2003881J.Knyazev S.D., Ogoltsova T.P. Current State of Black Currant Breeding. Orel, 2004. (in Russian)Knyazev S.D., Ogoltsova T.P. Current State of Black Currant Breeding. Orel, 2004. (in Russian)Konarev A.V., Khoreva V.I. Biochemical Studies of Plant Genetic Resources at VIR. St. Petersburg, 2000. (in Russian)Konarev A.V., Khoreva V.I. Biochemical Studies of Plant Genetic Resources at VIR. St. Petersburg, 2000. (in Russian)Kylli P. Berry phenolics: isolation, analysis, identification, and antioxidant properties: Academic dissertation, University of Helsinki department of food and environmental sciences food chemistry. Helsinki, 2011.Kylli P. Berry phenolics: isolation, analysis, identification, and antioxidant properties: Academic dissertation, University of Helsinki department of food and environmental sciences food chemistry. Helsinki, 2011.Lee H.J., Suh D.H., Jung E.S., Park H.M., Jung G.Y., Do S.G., Lee C.H. Metabolomics of Lonicera caerulea fruit during ripening and its relationship with color and antioxidant activity. Food Res. Int. 2015;78:343-351. DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.017.Lee H.J., Suh D.H., Jung E.S., Park H.M., Jung G.Y., Do S.G., Lee C.H. Metabolomics of Lonicera caerulea fruit during ripening and its relationship with color and antioxidant activity. Food Res. Int. 2015;78:343-351. DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.09.017.Mattila P.H., Hellström J., Karhu S., Pihlava J.-M., Veteläinen M. High variability in flavonoid contents and composition between different North-European currant (Ribes spp.) varieties. Food Chem. 2016;204:14-20. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.056.Mattila P.H., Hellström J., Karhu S., Pihlava J.-M., Veteläinen M. High variability in flavonoid contents and composition between different North-European currant (Ribes spp.) varieties. Food Chem. 2016;204:14-20. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.056.Perchuk I., Shelenga T., Gurkina M., Miroshnichenko E., Burlyaeva M. Composition of primary and secondary metabolite compounds in seeds and pods of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) from China. Molecules. 2020;25:3778. DOI:10.3390/molecules25173778.Perchuk I., Shelenga T., Gurkina M., Miroshnichenko E., Burlyaeva M. Composition of primary and secondary metabolite compounds in seeds and pods of asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) from China. Molecules. 2020;25:3778. DOI:10.3390/molecules25173778.Pikunova A.V., Martirosyan E.V., Knyazev S.D., Ryzhova N.N. Molecular analysis of genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships in Ribes L. Ekologicheskaya Genetika = Ecological Genetics. 2011;9(2):34-44. DOI:10.17816/ecogen9234-44. (in Russian)Pikunova A.V., Martirosyan E.V., Knyazev S.D., Ryzhova N.N. Molecular analysis of genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships in Ribes L. Ekologicheskaya Genetika = Ecological Genetics. 2011;9(2):34-44. DOI:10.17816/ecogen9234-44. (in Russian)Plekhanova M.N. Promising varieties and forms of honeysuckle for breeding and production. Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics, and Breeding. 1992;146:120-125. (in Russian)Plekhanova M.N. Promising varieties and forms of honeysuckle for breeding and production. Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics, and Breeding. 1992;146:120-125. (in Russian)Plekhanova M.N. Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera сaerulea L.) – a new commercial berry crop for temperate climate: genetic resources and breeding. Acta Hortic. 2000;538:159-164. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.538.25.Plekhanova M.N. Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera сaerulea L.) – a new commercial berry crop for temperate climate: genetic resources and breeding. Acta Hortic. 2000;538:159-164. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.538.25.Plekhanova M.N. On the species composition of the blue honeysuckle subsection Lonicera subsect. caeruleae (Fam. Caprifoliaceae). Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics, and Breeding. 2007;161:57-68. (in Russian)Plekhanova M.N. On the species composition of the blue honeysuckle subsection Lonicera subsect. caeruleae (Fam. Caprifoliaceae). Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics, and Breeding. 2007;161:57-68. (in Russian)Plekhanova M.N., Streltsyna S.A. Fruit chemical composition of Lonicera subsect. caerulea (Caprifoliaceae) species. Genetic Resourses in Russia and Neighbouring Countries Forestry Studies. Tartu: Estonian Agricultural University – Forest Research Institute, 1998;30: 143-146.Plekhanova M.N., Streltsyna S.A. Fruit chemical composition of Lonicera subsect. caerulea (Caprifoliaceae) species. Genetic Resourses in Russia and Neighbouring Countries Forestry Studies. Tartu: Estonian Agricultural University – Forest Research Institute, 1998;30: 143-146.Puzanskiy R., Tarakhovskaya E., Shavarda A., Shishova M. Metabolomic and physiological changes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) during batch culture development. J. Appl. Phycol. 2018;30(2):803-818. DOI:10.1007/s10811-017-1326-9.Puzanskiy R., Tarakhovskaya E., Shavarda A., Shishova M. Metabolomic and physiological changes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) during batch culture development. J. Appl. Phycol. 2018;30(2):803-818. DOI:10.1007/s10811-017-1326-9.Rop O., Řezníček V., Mlček J., Juríková T., Balík J., Sochor J., Kramářová D. Antioxidant and radical oxygen species scavenging activities of 12 cultivars of blue honeysuckle fruit. Hort. Sci. 2011; 38:63-70. DOI:10.17221/99/2010-HORTSCI.Rop O., Řezníček V., Mlček J., Juríková T., Balík J., Sochor J., Kramářová D. Antioxidant and radical oxygen species scavenging activities of 12 cultivars of blue honeysuckle fruit. Hort. Sci. 2011; 38:63-70. DOI:10.17221/99/2010-HORTSCI.Sedova E.N., Ogoltsova T.P. (Eds.) Program and Methodology for Sorting Fruit, Berry, and Nut Crops. Orel, 1999. (in Russian)Sedova E.N., Ogoltsova T.P. (Eds.) Program and Methodology for Sorting Fruit, Berry, and Nut Crops. Orel, 1999. (in Russian)Senica M., Stampar F., Mikulic-Petkovsek M. Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera cearulea L. subs. edulis) berry: a rich source of some nutrients and their differences among four different cultivars. Hort. Sci. 2018;238:215-221. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.056.Senica M., Stampar F., Mikulic-Petkovsek M. Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera cearulea L. subs. edulis) berry: a rich source of some nutrients and their differences among four different cultivars. Hort. Sci. 2018;238:215-221. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.056.Shtark O.Y., Puzanskiy R.K., Avdeeva G.S., Yurkov A.P., Smolikova G.N., Yemelyanov V.V., Kliukova M.S., Shavarda A.L., Kirpichnikova A.A., Zhernakov A.I., Afonin A.M., Tikhonovich I.A., Zhukov V.A., Shishova M.F. Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development. PeerJ. 2019;7:1-33. DOI:10.7717/peerj.7495.Shtark O.Y., Puzanskiy R.K., Avdeeva G.S., Yurkov A.P., Smolikova G.N., Yemelyanov V.V., Kliukova M.S., Shavarda A.L., Kirpichnikova A.A., Zhernakov A.I., Afonin A.M., Tikhonovich I.A., Zhukov V.A., Shishova M.F. Metabolic alterations in pea leaves during arbuscular mycorrhiza development. PeerJ. 2019;7:1-33. DOI:10.7717/peerj.7495.Sochor J., Jurikova T., Pohanka M., Skutkova H., Baron M., Tomaskova L., Balla S., Klejdus B., Pokluda R., Mlcek J., Trojakova Z., Saloun J. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, polyphenolic compounds, amino acids and mineral elements of representative genotypes of Lonicera edulis. Molecules. 2014;19(5):6504-6523. DOI:10.3390/molecules19056504.Sochor J., Jurikova T., Pohanka M., Skutkova H., Baron M., Tomaskova L., Balla S., Klejdus B., Pokluda R., Mlcek J., Trojakova Z., Saloun J. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, polyphenolic compounds, amino acids and mineral elements of representative genotypes of Lonicera edulis. Molecules. 2014;19(5):6504-6523. DOI:10.3390/molecules19056504.Streltsina S.A., Plekhanova M.N., Tikhonova O.A., Pupkova N.A., Arsenyeva T.V. Comparative evaluation of cultivars and wild species of berry crops (honeysuckle, black and red currants, gooseberries) according to the spectrum of biologically active phenolic compounds. Plodovodstvo i Yagodovodstvo Rossii = Pomiculture and Small Fruits Culture in Russia. 2005;12:231-247. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Plekhanova M.N., Tikhonova O.A., Pupkova N.A., Arsenyeva T.V. Comparative evaluation of cultivars and wild species of berry crops (honeysuckle, black and red currants, gooseberries) according to the spectrum of biologically active phenolic compounds. Plodovodstvo i Yagodovodstvo Rossii = Pomiculture and Small Fruits Culture in Russia. 2005;12:231-247. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Plekhanova M.N., Tikhonova O.A., Sabitov A.Sh., Arsenyeva T.V., Pupkova N.A. Comparative assessment of wild smallfruit species according to the composition and content of bioactive phenol compounds. Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics, and Breeding. 2007;161:155-162. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Plekhanova M.N., Tikhonova O.A., Sabitov A.Sh., Arsenyeva T.V., Pupkova N.A. Comparative assessment of wild smallfruit species according to the composition and content of bioactive phenol compounds. Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics, and Breeding. 2007;161:155-162. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Sorokin A.A., Plekhanova M.N., Lobanova E.V. The spectrum of biologically active phenolic compounds in honeysuckle varieties in the northwestern fruit-growing zone of the Russian Federation. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agricultural Russia. 2006;6:67-72. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Sorokin A.A., Plekhanova M.N., Lobanova E.V. The spectrum of biologically active phenolic compounds in honeysuckle varieties in the northwestern fruit-growing zone of the Russian Federation. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agricultural Russia. 2006;6:67-72. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Tikhonova O.A. Nutrients and biologically active substances in berries and leaves of black currant (Ribis nigrum L.) in Northwest Russia. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agricultural Russia. 2010; 1:24-31. (in Russian)Streltsina S.A., Tikhonova O.A. Nutrients and biologically active substances in berries and leaves of black currant (Ribis nigrum L.) in Northwest Russia. Agrarnaya Rossiya = Agricultural Russia. 2010; 1:24-31. (in Russian)Thole V., Breitel D., Hill L., Vain P., Martin C., Bassard J.E., RamírezGonzález R., Ghasemi Afshar B., Trick M., Foito A., Shepherd L., Freitag S., Stewart D., Nunes Dos Santos C., Menezes R., Banãdos P., Naesby M., Wang L., Sorokin A., Tikhonova O., Shelenga T. RNA-seq, de novo transcriptome assembly and flavonoid gene analysis in 13 wild and cultivated berry fruit species with high content of phenolics. BMC Genom. 2019;20:995. DOI:10.1186/s12864-019-6183-2.Thole V., Breitel D., Hill L., Vain P., Martin C., Bassard J.E., RamírezGonzález R., Ghasemi Afshar B., Trick M., Foito A., Shepherd L., Freitag S., Stewart D., Nunes Dos Santos C., Menezes R., Banãdos P., Naesby M., Wang L., Sorokin A., Tikhonova O., Shelenga T. RNA-seq, de novo transcriptome assembly and flavonoid gene analysis in 13 wild and cultivated berry fruit species with high content of phenolics. BMC Genom. 2019;20:995. DOI:10.1186/s12864-019-6183-2.Tian Y., Laaksonen O., Haikonen H., Vanag A., Ejaz H., Linderborg K., Karhu S., Yang B. Compositional diversity among blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) cultivars originating from European countries. J. ­ Agric. Food Chem. 2019;67(19):5621-5633. DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00033.Tian Y., Laaksonen O., Haikonen H., Vanag A., Ejaz H., Linderborg K., Karhu S., Yang B. Compositional diversity among blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) cultivars originating from European countries. J. ­ Agric. Food Chem. 2019;67(19):5621-5633. DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00033.Tikhonova O.A., Shelenga T.V., Streltsina S.A. Biochemical composition of black currant berries in Northwest Russia. Selektsiya i Sortorazvedeniye Sadovykh Kul’tur = Breeding and Variety Cultivation of Horticultural Crops. 2015;2:203-206. (in Russian)Tikhonova O.A., Shelenga T.V., Streltsina S.A. Biochemical composition of black currant berries in Northwest Russia. Selektsiya i Sortorazvedeniye Sadovykh Kul’tur = Breeding and Variety Cultivation of Horticultural Crops. 2015;2:203-206. (in Russian)Tikhonova O.A., Streltsina S.A. Nutrient contents in blackcurrant berries in Northwest Russia. Plodovodstvo i Yagodovodstvo Rossii = Pomiculture and Small Fruits Culture in Russia. 2009;22(2):303-310. (in Russian)Tikhonova O.A., Streltsina S.A. Nutrient contents in blackcurrant berries in Northwest Russia. Plodovodstvo i Yagodovodstvo Rossii = Pomiculture and Small Fruits Culture in Russia. 2009;22(2):303-310. (in Russian)Tikhonova O.A., Streltsina S.A. Phenolic compounds in black currant leaves with regard to resistance to American powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca morsuvae (Schw.) Berk. et Curt.). Plodovodstvo i Yagodovodstvo Rossii = Pomiculture and Small Fruits Culture in Russia. 2012;34(2):292-299. (in Russian)Tikhonova O.A., Streltsina S.A. Phenolic compounds in black currant leaves with regard to resistance to American powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca morsuvae (Schw.) Berk. et Curt.). Plodovodstvo i Yagodovodstvo Rossii = Pomiculture and Small Fruits Culture in Russia. 2012;34(2):292-299. (in Russian)Vitkovsky V.L. Fruit Plants of the World. St. Petersburg, 2003. (in Russian) WorleyB.,PowersR.Multivariate analysisinmetabolomics.Curr. Metabolomics. 2013;1(1):92-107. DOI:10.2174/2213235X11301010092.Vitkovsky V.L. Fruit Plants of the World. St. Petersburg, 2003. (in Russian) WorleyB.,PowersR.Multivariate analysisinmetabolomics.Curr. Metabolomics. 2013;1(1):92-107. DOI:10.2174/2213235X11301010092.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.