vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ15.014vavilov-353Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ПАЛЕОГЕНЕТИКАPlant breeding and biotechnologyПолучение удвоенных гаплоидов у видов рода Brassica L.Doubled haploid production in Brassica L.ШмыковаН. А.ShmykovaN. A.shmykovanat@mail.ruШумилинаД. В.ShumilinaD. V.СупруноваТ. П.SuprunovaT. P.Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт селекции и семеноводства овощных культур», Московская область, Одинцовский район, пос. ВНИИССОК, РоссияРоссияAll-Russia Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production, VNIISSOK village, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, RussiaRussian Federation201503072015191111120Copyright © Шмыкова Н.А., Шумилина Д.В., Супрунова Т.П., 20152015Шмыкова Н.А., Шумилина Д.В., Супрунова Т.П.Shmykova N.A., Shumilina D.V., Suprunova T.P.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/353

Технология получения удвоенных гаплоидов (DH (double haploid)-технологии) через культуру пыльников или микроспор in vitro – один из способов генетического улучшения сельскохозяйственных растений. С помощью DH-технологии полностью гомозиготные растения можно получить в течение одного года, в отличие от классических методов селекции, при использовании которых процесс инбридинга занимает 6–12 лет. Преимущество этого биотехнологического подхода также состоит в расширении формообразовательного процесса за счет гаметоклональной изменчивости. Наибольший успех в получении DH-растений через культуру микроспор достигнут у некоторых сортов рапса (Brassica napus L.). Эффективность DH-технологии у других представителей рода Brassica остается по-прежнему низкой. На индукцию эмбриогенеза микроспор влияют многочисленные факторы: условия выращивания донорных растений, их генотип, стадия развития микроспор, состав питательной среды, условия культивирования. Перепрограммирование микроспор с гаметофитного пути развития на спорофитный происходит под действием различных стрессовых воздействий. К факторам, способным повысить эффективность эмбриогенеза у представителей рода Brassica, относятся предобработка пыльников и микроспор повышенной температурой или колхицином. Улучшение процесса регенерации растений из эмбриоидов может быть достигнуто за счет использования регуляторов роста (этилен, абсцизовая кислота, индолилуксусная кислота). Оптимальное значение и комбинация этих факторов являются необходимым условием для успешного эмбриогенеза. В данной обзорной статье обобщен опыт зарубежных и российских ученых в области разработки технологии получения удвоенных гаплоидов капустных культур, показаны различные факторы, влияющие на процессы получения DH-растений, а также подходы, позволяющие повысить индукцию эмбриогенеза из микроспор у растений рода Brassica. 

Doubled haploids (DHs) production through androgenesis is a biotechnological method for genetic improvement of crops. Biotechnological DH line production offers advantages to plant breeders, including the possibility to obtain homozygous lines within a year in contrast to common inbreeding methods, which may take 6–12 years. The greatest success in androgenesis has been achieved in some varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). However, the efficiency of androgenesis in other Brassica species is still poor. Induction of microspore embryogenesis is usually induced by many factors such as conditions of donor plant growth, genotype, microspore developmental stage, culture medium composition, and culture conditions. The reprogramming of microspores from the gametophytic to the sporophytic habit of development depends on various stress factors. Certain pretreatments of microspores, such as high temperature and colchicine, can favor androgenesis in Brassica species. Plant regeneration from microspores can be improved by proper application of different growth regulators (ethylene, abscisic acid, and indole acetic acid). Optimal combinations of these factors are mandatory for efficient androgenesis. In this review, we summarize the experience of our colleagues in DH-technology in the Brassica genus. Attention is focused on some factors influencing the development of doubled haploid plants and their impact on enhancing the efficiency of androgenesis in Brassica species. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.