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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJGB-22-83</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3538</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ МЕТОДЫ БИОТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модификация геномов растений: от индуцированного мутагенеза до геномного редактирования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Plant genome modification: from induced mutagenesis to genome editing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-8228</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербань</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherban</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">atos@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Курчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>684</fpage><lpage>696</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Щербань А.Б., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щербань А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shcherban A.B.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3538">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3538</self-uri><abstract><p>Лавинообразный рост научных данных, полученных с помощью современных методов геномного редактирования (ГР), обуславливает актуальность их критического осмысления и сопоставления с предыдущими методами модификации генома. В обзоре дана характеристика основных этапов развития методов модификации генома применительно к растительным объектам. Технология индуцированного мутагенеза лидировала в течение многих десятилетий прошлого века, с ее помощью получено огромное разнообразие сортов культурных растений. Однако этот процесс был довольно длительным и включал целый ряд стадий: от индукции множественных мутаций с помощью мутагенных факторов до этапов скрещивания и отбора наиболее ценных форм на протяжении ряда поколений. Пришедшая на смену технология генной инженерии (трансгенеза) позволила радикально сократить время получения новых генетически модифицированных форм до одного поколения, сделать процесс модификации более эффективным и целенаправленным. Но наряду с этим она имела главным недостатком возможность неконтролируемого влияния вводимого трансгена на другие гены растения-реципиента, что привело к существенным ограничениям применения трансгенеза во многих странах. Эти ограничения в настоящее время успешно преодолеваются с развитием методов ГР, позволяющих очень точно, в пределах одного гена, осуществлять модификацию, которая по своим свойствам практически не отличается от природного аллеля гена (особенно в случае использования рибонуклеопротеиновых комплексов), что дает возможность избежать ограничений на применение этой технологии в практической селекции. Приведена краткая характеристика различных методов ГР, включая использование белковых редакторов, ZF- и TALEN-нуклеаз, а также наиболее перспективный метод – CRISPR/Cas9. Перечислен ряд научных результатов по созданию с помощью этих методов новых форм растений: устойчивых к неблагоприятным факторам, с повышенной урожайностью и ценными питательными свойствами. В рамках обзора рассматривается новый подход «доместикация de novo» с целью ускоренного получения культурных растений из природных форм. Обсуждаются дальнейшие пути развития методологии ГР.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The snowballing growth of scientific data obtained using modern techniques of genome editing (GE) calls for their critical evaluation and comparison against previously applied methods such as induced mutagenesis, which was a leading method of genome modification for many decades of the past century, and its application has resulted in a huge diversity of cultivars. However, this method was relatively long and included a number of stages from inducing multiple mutations using different mutagenic factors to crossing and selecting the most valuable cultivars for several generations. A new technology of genetic engineering and transgenesis enabled us to radically reduce the time required to obtain a new genetically-modified cultivar to one generation and make the modification process more effective and targeted. The main drawback of this approach was that an introduced transgene might uncontrollably affect the other genes of a recipient plant, which led to the limitations imposed on transgenesis application in many countries. These limitations have been effectively surmounted thanks to the development of GE techniques allowing for a precise modification within a single gene that in many characteristics make it similar to a natural allele (especially when it comes to ribonucleoprotein complexes), which has paved the way for wide application of GE in routine breeding. The paper reviews the main stages of GE development in its application in plants. It provides short descriptions of different GE techniques, including those using protein editors such as zinc-finger and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. It lists a number of achievements in using GE to produce new cultivars of higher yield that are resistant to unfavorable factors and have good nutritional properties. The review also considers the de novo domestication approach, which allows for faster obtaining of new cultivars from natural varieties. In the conclusion, the future ways of GE development are discussed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индуцированный мутагенез</kwd><kwd>трансгенез</kwd><kwd>геномное редактирование</kwd><kwd>нуклеазы</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>патоген</kwd><kwd>устойчивость</kwd><kwd>урожайность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>induced mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>transgenesis</kwd><kwd>genome editing</kwd><kwd>nucleases</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>pathogen</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>yield</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This work was supported by the budget project FWNR-2022-0041.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahloowalia B.S., Maluszynski M., Nichterlein K. Global impact of mutation-derived varieties. Euphytica. 2004;135(2):187-204. 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