<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJGB-23-32</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3737</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О природе пикобирнавирусов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the nature of picobirnaviruses</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-7347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашников</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashnikov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.kashn@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-8029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Епифанова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Epifanova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-6648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Нижегородский научно-­исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. академика И.Н. Блохиной Роспотребнадзора<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>264</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кашников А.Ю., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kashnikov A.Y., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3737">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3737</self-uri><abstract><p>Считается, что пикобирнавирусы (Picobirnaviridae, Picobirnavirus, ПБВ) являются вирусами животных, так как их обычно находят в образцах стула животных. Однако до сих пор не найдена модель животного или клеточная культура для их размножения. В 2018 г. было выдвинуто и экспериментально обосновано гипотетическое предположение о принадлежности ПБВ к вирусам прокариот. Эта гипотеза основана на присутствии в геноме всех ПБВ перед тремя открытыми рамками считывания (ORF) в сайте связывания с рибосомой последовательностей Шайна–Дальгарно, которыми насыщен геном прокариот, тогда как в геноме эукариот такие участки встречаются с низкой частотой. Насыщенность генома последовательностями Шайна–Дальгарно, а также сохранение такой насыщенности у потомства, по мнению ученых, позволяет отнести ПБВ к вирусам прокариот. В то же время существует вероятность принадлежности ПБВ к вирусам эукариотических хозяев – грибов или беспозвоночных, поскольку были обнаружены ПБВ­подобные последовательности, сходные с геномом виру­ сов грибов из семейств митовирусов и партитивирусов. В связи с этим возникло представление, что по способу репродукции ПБВ напоминают вирусы грибов. Расхождение во взглядах на истинного хозяина (хозяев) ПБВ вызвало дискуссию среди ученых и потребовало дальнейших исследований для выяснения их природы. В обзоре освещены результаты исследований по поиску хозяина ПБВ. Проанализированы причины появления среди множества характерных для ПБВ последовательностей генома атипичных последовательностей, использующих для трансляции вирусной РНК­зависимой РНК­полимеразы (RdRp) вместо стандартного генетического кода альтернативный митохондриальный код низших эукариот (грибов и беспозвоночных). Цель обзора состояла в сборе аргументов в поддержку гипотезы, полагающей фаговую природу ПБВ и поиск наиболее реалистичного объяснения причин выявления нестандартных для ПБВ геномных последовательностей. Опираясь на гипотезу о генеалогическом родстве ПБВ с РНК­вирусами из других семейств со сходным сегментированным геномом, такими как Reoviridae, Cystoviridae, Totiviridae и Partitiviridae, вирусологи поддерживают предположение о решающей роли в происхождении атипичных ПБВ­подобных штаммов реассортации между ПБВ и вирусами перечисленных семейств. Собранные аргументы свидетельствуют о большой вероятности фаговой природы у ПБВ. Представленные в обзоре данные свидетельствуют, что принадлежность ПБВ­подобного потомства к вирусам прокариот или эукариот определяется не только степенью насыщения его генома прокариотическим мотивом, стандартным или митохондриальным генетическим кодом. Решающим фактором может являться также первичная структура гена, кодирующего белок вирусного капсида, отвечающего за наличие или отсутствие специфических протеолитических свойств у вируса, определяющих его способность к самостоятельному гори­ зонтальному распространению в новые клетки.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The picobirnaviruses (Picobirnaviridae, Picobirnavirus, PBVs) are currently thought to be animal viruses, as they are usually found in animal stool samples. However, no animal model or cell culture for their propagation has yet been found. In 2018, a hypothetical assumption about PBVs belonging to prokaryotic viruses was put forward and experimentally substantiated. This hypothesis is based on the presence of Shine–Dalgarno sequences in the genome of all PBVs before three reading frames (ORF) at the ribosomal binding site, with which the prokaryotic genome is saturated, while in the eukaryotic genome such regions occur with low frequency. The genome saturation with the Shine–Dalgarno sequences, as well as the preservation of this saturation in the progeny, according to scientists, allows us to attribute PBVs to prokaryotic viruses. On the other hand, there is a possibility that PBVs belong to viruses of eukaryotic hosts – fungi or invertebrates, since PBV­like sequences similar to the genome of fungal viruses from the families of mitoviruses and partitiviruses have been identified. In this regard, the idea arose that, in terms of reproduction mode, PBVs resemble fungal viruses. The divergence of views on the true PBV host(s) has sparked discussions among scientists and required further research to elucidate their nature. The review highlights the results of the search for a PBV host. The reasons for the occurrence of atypical sequences among the PBV genome sequences that use an alter­ native mitochondrial code of lower eukaryotes (fungi and invertebrates) for the translation of viral RNA­dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) instead of the standard genetic code are analyzed. The purpose of the review was to collect arguments in support of the hypothesis about the phage nature of PBVs and to find the most realistic explanation of the reasons for identifying non­standard genomic sequences for PBVs. Based on the hypothesis about the genealogical relationship of PBVs with RNA viruses from other families with similar segmented genomes, such as Reoviridae, Cystoviridae, Totiviridae and Partitiviridae, virologists support the assumption of a decisive role in the origin of atypical PBV­like reassortment strains between PBVs and viruses of the listed families. The collected arguments given in this review indicate a high probability of a phage nature of PBVs. The data presented in the review show that the belonging of PBV­like progeny to prokaryotic or eukaryotic viruses is determined not only by its genome saturation level with a prokaryotic motif, standard or mitochondrial genetic code. The primary structure of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein responsible for the presence or absence of specific proteolytic properties of the virus that determine its ability for independent horizontal transmission into new cells may also be a decisive factor.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пикобирнавирус</kwd><kwd>сегмент генома</kwd><kwd>клетка­хозяин</kwd><kwd>митохондриальный генетический код</kwd><kwd>филогенетическое дерево</kwd><kwd>реассортация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>picobirnavirus</kwd><kwd>genome segment</kwd><kwd>host cell</kwd><kwd>mitochondrial genetic code</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic tree</kwd><kwd>reassortment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adriaenssens E.M., Farkas K., Harrison C., Jones D.L., Allison H.E., McCarthy A.J. Viromic analysis of wastewater input to a river catch­ ment reveals a diverse assemblage of RNA viruses. mSystems. 2018; 3(3):1-18. DOI 10.1128/mSystems.00025­18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adriaenssens E.M., Farkas K., Harrison C., Jones D.L., Allison H.E., McCarthy A.J. Viromic analysis of wastewater input to a river catch­ ment reveals a diverse assemblage of RNA viruses. mSystems. 2018; 3(3):1-18. DOI 10.1128/mSystems.00025­18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bell N., Khamrin P., Kumthip K., Rojjanadumrongkul K., Nantachit N., Maneekarn N. Molecular detection and characterization of pico­ birnavirus in environmental water in Thailand. Clin. Lab. 2020;66: 85­88. DOI 10.7754/CLIN.LAB.2019.191013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bell N., Khamrin P., Kumthip K., Rojjanadumrongkul K., Nantachit N., Maneekarn N. Molecular detection and characterization of pico­ birnavirus in environmental water in Thailand. Clin. Lab. 2020;66: 85­88. DOI 10.7754/CLIN.LAB.2019.191013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanco­Picazo P., Fernández­Orth D., Brown­Jaque M., Miró E., Es­ pinal P., Rodríguez­Rubio L., Muniesa M., Navarro F. Unravelling the consequences of the bacteriophages in human samples. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:6737. DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-63432-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanco­Picazo P., Fernández­Orth D., Brown­Jaque M., Miró E., Es­ pinal P., Rodríguez­Rubio L., Muniesa M., Navarro F. Unravelling the consequences of the bacteriophages in human samples. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:6737. DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-63432-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boros Á., Polgár B., Pankovics P., Fenyvesi H., Engelmann P., Phan T.G., Delwart E., Reuter G. Multiple divergent picobirnavi­ ruses with functional prokaryotic Shine–Dalgarno ribosome bind­ ing sites present in cloacal sample of a diarrheic chicken. Virology. 2018;525:62-72. DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boros Á., Polgár B., Pankovics P., Fenyvesi H., Engelmann P., Phan T.G., Delwart E., Reuter G. Multiple divergent picobirnavi­ ruses with functional prokaryotic Shine–Dalgarno ribosome bind­ ing sites present in cloacal sample of a diarrheic chicken. Virology. 2018;525:62-72. DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chauhan R., Awasthi S., Narayan R.P. Chapter 11 – Evolution and di­ versity of plant RNA viruses. In: Rajarshi Kumar Gaur, S.M. Paul Khurana, Pradeep Sharma, Thomas Hohn (Eds.) Plant Virus-Host Interaction: Molecular Approaches and Viral Evolution. Second Edn. Acad. Press, 2021;303­318. DOI 10.1016/B978­0­12­821629­3.00020­8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chauhan R., Awasthi S., Narayan R.P. Chapter 11 – Evolution and di­ versity of plant RNA viruses. In: Rajarshi Kumar Gaur, S.M. Paul Khurana, Pradeep Sharma, Thomas Hohn (Eds.) Plant Virus-Host Interaction: Molecular Approaches and Viral Evolution. Second Edn. Acad. Press, 2021;303­318. DOI 10.1016/B978­0­12­821629­3.00020­8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Claverie J.M., Abergel C. Mimivirus and its virophage. Ann. Rev. Genet. 2009;43:49-66. DOI 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Claverie J.M., Abergel C. Mimivirus and its virophage. Ann. Rev. Genet. 2009;43:49-66. DOI 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conceição­Neto N., Mesquita J.R., Zeller M., Yinda C.K., Álva­ res F., Roque S., Petrucci­Fonseca F., Godinho R., Heylen E., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J. Reassortment among picobirnaviruses found in wolves. Arch. Virol. 2016;161:2859-2862. DOI 10.1007/s00705­016­2987­4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conceição­Neto N., Mesquita J.R., Zeller M., Yinda C.K., Álva­ res F., Roque S., Petrucci­Fonseca F., Godinho R., Heylen E., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J. Reassortment among picobirnaviruses found in wolves. Arch. Virol. 2016;161:2859-2862. DOI 10.1007/s00705­016­2987­4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dabrowska K., Switała-Jelen K., Opolski A., Weber-Dabrowska B., Gorski A. Bacteriophage penetration in vertebrates. J. Appl. Micro­ biol. 2005;98:7-13. DOI 10.1111/j.1365­2672.2004.02422.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dabrowska K., Switała-Jelen K., Opolski A., Weber-Dabrowska B., Gorski A. Bacteriophage penetration in vertebrates. J. Appl. Micro­ biol. 2005;98:7-13. DOI 10.1111/j.1365­2672.2004.02422.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dawe A.L., Nuss D.L. Hypovirus molecular biology: from Koch’s pos­ tulates to host self­recognition genes that restrict virus transmission. Adv. Virus Res. 2013;86:109-147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dawe A.L., Nuss D.L. Hypovirus molecular biology: from Koch’s pos­ tulates to host self­recognition genes that restrict virus transmission. Adv. Virus Res. 2013;86:109-147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delmas B., Attoui H., Ghosh S., Malik Y.S., Mundt E., Vakharia V.N. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2019; 100:133-134. DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.001186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delmas B., Attoui H., Ghosh S., Malik Y.S., Mundt E., Vakharia V.N. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picobirnaviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2019; 100:133-134. DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.001186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dolja V.V., Koonin E.V. Metagenomics reshapes the concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer. Virus Res. 2018;244:36-52. DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolja V.V., Koonin E.V. Metagenomics reshapes the concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer. Virus Res. 2018;244:36-52. DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duquerroy S., Da Costa B., Henry C., Vigouroux A., Libersou S., Le­ pault J., Navaza J., Delmas B., Rey F.A. The picobirnavirus crystal structure provides functional insights into virion assembly and cell entry. EMBO J. 2009;28:1655-1665. DOI 10.1038/emboj.2009.109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duquerroy S., Da Costa B., Henry C., Vigouroux A., Libersou S., Le­ pault J., Navaza J., Delmas B., Rey F.A. The picobirnavirus crystal structure provides functional insights into virion assembly and cell entry. EMBO J. 2009;28:1655-1665. DOI 10.1038/emboj.2009.109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duraisamy R., Akiana J., Davoust B., Mediannikov O., Michelle C., Robert C., Parra H.­J., Raoult D., Biagini P., Desnues C. Detection of novel RNA viruses from free­living gorillas, Republic of the Congo: genetic diversity of picobirnaviruses. Virus Genes. 2018;54: 256­271. DOI 10.1007/s11262­018­1543­6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duraisamy R., Akiana J., Davoust B., Mediannikov O., Michelle C., Robert C., Parra H.­J., Raoult D., Biagini P., Desnues C. Detection of novel RNA viruses from free­living gorillas, Republic of the Congo: genetic diversity of picobirnaviruses. Virus Genes. 2018;54: 256­271. DOI 10.1007/s11262­018­1543­6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Omari K., Sutton G., Ravantti J.J., Zhang H., Walter T.S., Grimes J.M., Bamford D.H., Stuart D.I., Mancini E.J. Plate tectonics of virus shell assembly and reorganization in phage φ8, a distant rela­ tive of mammalian reoviruses. Structure. 2013;21:1384-1395. DOI 10.1016/j.str.2013.06.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Omari K., Sutton G., Ravantti J.J., Zhang H., Walter T.S., Grimes J.M., Bamford D.H., Stuart D.I., Mancini E.J. Plate tectonics of virus shell assembly and reorganization in phage φ8, a distant rela­ tive of mammalian reoviruses. Structure. 2013;21:1384-1395. DOI 10.1016/j.str.2013.06.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallagher C.A., Navarro R., Cruz K., Aung M.S., Ng A., Bajak E., Beierschmitt A., Lawrence M., Dore K.M., Ketzis J., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. Detection of picobirnaviruses in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus): molecular characterization of com­ plete genomic segment­2. Virus Res. 2017;230:13-18. DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallagher C.A., Navarro R., Cruz K., Aung M.S., Ng A., Bajak E., Beierschmitt A., Lawrence M., Dore K.M., Ketzis J., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. Detection of picobirnaviruses in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus): molecular characterization of com­ plete genomic segment­2. Virus Res. 2017;230:13-18. DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ganesh B., Masachessi G., Mladenova Z. Animal picobirnavirus. VirusDisease. 2014;25:223-238. DOI 10.1007/s13337-014-0207-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ganesh B., Masachessi G., Mladenova Z. Animal picobirnavirus. VirusDisease. 2014;25:223-238. DOI 10.1007/s13337-014-0207-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh S., Malik Y.S. The true host/s of picobirnaviruses. Front. Vet Sci. 2021;7:1-9. DOI 10.3389/fvets.2020.615293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh S., Malik Y.S. The true host/s of picobirnaviruses. Front. Vet Sci. 2021;7:1-9. DOI 10.3389/fvets.2020.615293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh S., Shiokawa K., Aung M.S., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N. High detection rates of picobirnaviruses in free roaming rats (Rat­ tus spp.): molecular characterization of complete gene segment-2. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018;65:131-135. DOI 10.1016/j.meegid2018.07.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh S., Shiokawa K., Aung M.S., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N. High detection rates of picobirnaviruses in free roaming rats (Rat­ tus spp.): molecular characterization of complete gene segment-2. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018;65:131-135. DOI 10.1016/j.meegid2018.07.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gogarten J.P., Townsend J.P. Horizontal gene transfer, genome inno­ vation and evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2005;3(9):679-687. DOI 10.1038/nrmicro1204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gogarten J.P., Townsend J.P. Horizontal gene transfer, genome inno­ vation and evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2005;3(9):679-687. DOI 10.1038/nrmicro1204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Górski A., Kniotek M., Perkowska-Ptasińska A., Mróz A., Przerwa A., Gorczyca W., Dabrowska K., Weber­Dabrowska B., Nowaczyk M. Bacteriophages and transplantation tolerance. Transplant. Proc. 2006;38:331-333. DOI 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.12.073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Górski A., Kniotek M., Perkowska-Ptasińska A., Mróz A., Przerwa A., Gorczyca W., Dabrowska K., Weber­Dabrowska B., Nowaczyk M. Bacteriophages and transplantation tolerance. Transplant. Proc. 2006;38:331-333. DOI 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.12.073.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guajardo­Leiva S., Chnaiderman J., Gaggero A., Díez B. Metagenomic insights into the sewage RNA virosphere of a large city. Viruses. 2020;12:1050. DOI 10.3390/v12091050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guajardo­Leiva S., Chnaiderman J., Gaggero A., Díez B. Metagenomic insights into the sewage RNA virosphere of a large city. Viruses. 2020;12:1050. DOI 10.3390/v12091050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hillman B.I., Cai G. Chapter Six – The family Narnaviridae: simplest of RNA viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2013;86:149-176. DOI 10.1016/B978­0­12­394315­6.00006­4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hillman B.I., Cai G. Chapter Six – The family Narnaviridae: simplest of RNA viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2013;86:149-176. DOI 10.1016/B978­0­12­394315­6.00006­4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joycelyn S.J., Ng A., Kleymann A., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. High detection rates and genetic diversity of picobirnavi­ ruses (PBVs) in pigs on St. Kitts Island: identification of a porcine PBV strain closely related to simian and human PBVs. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2020;84:104383. DOI 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104383.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joycelyn S.J., Ng A., Kleymann A., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. High detection rates and genetic diversity of picobirnavi­ ruses (PBVs) in pigs on St. Kitts Island: identification of a porcine PBV strain closely related to simian and human PBVs. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2020;84:104383. DOI 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104383.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kashnikov A.Yu., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A. Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods. Vavilovskii Zhur­ nal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2020;24(6):661-672. DOI 10.18699/VJ20.660.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashnikov A.Yu., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A. Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods. Vavilovskii Zhur­ nal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2020;24(6):661-672. DOI 10.18699/VJ20.660.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kleymann A., Becker A.A.M.J., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. Detection and molecular characterization of picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in the mongoose: identification of a novel PBV using an alternative genetic code. Viruses. 2020;12(1):99. DOI 10.3390/v12010099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleymann A., Becker A.A.M.J., Malik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. Detection and molecular characterization of picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in the mongoose: identification of a novel PBV using an alternative genetic code. Viruses. 2020;12(1):99. DOI 10.3390/v12010099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knox M.A., Gedye K.R., Hayman D.T.S. The challenges of analysing highly diverse picobirnavirus sequence data. Viruses. 2018;10:685. DOI 10.3390/v10120685.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knox M.A., Gedye K.R., Hayman D.T.S. The challenges of analysing highly diverse picobirnavirus sequence data. Viruses. 2018;10:685. DOI 10.3390/v10120685.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krishnamurthy S.R., Wang D. Extensive conservation of prokaryotic ribosomal binding sites in known and novel picobirnaviruses. Viro­ logy. 2018;516:108-114. DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krishnamurthy S.R., Wang D. Extensive conservation of prokaryotic ribosomal binding sites in known and novel picobirnaviruses. Viro­ logy. 2018;516:108-114. DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar N., Mascarenhas J.D.A.P., Ghosh S., Masachessi G., da Silva Bandeira R., Nates S.V., Dhama K., Singh R.K., Malik Y.S. Pico­ birnavirus. In: Malik Y.S., Singh R.K., Dhama K. (Eds.) AnimalOrigin Viral Zoonoses. Singapore: Springer, 2020;291-312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar N., Mascarenhas J.D.A.P., Ghosh S., Masachessi G., da Silva Bandeira R., Nates S.V., Dhama K., Singh R.K., Malik Y.S. Pico­ birnavirus. In: Malik Y.S., Singh R.K., Dhama K. (Eds.) AnimalOrigin Viral Zoonoses. Singapore: Springer, 2020;291-312.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunz A.F., Possatti F., de Freitas J.A., Alfieri A.A., Takiuchi E. High detection rate and genetic diversity of picobirnavirus in a sheep flock in Brazil. Virus Res. 2018;255:10-13. DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunz A.F., Possatti F., de Freitas J.A., Alfieri A.A., Takiuchi E. High detection rate and genetic diversity of picobirnavirus in a sheep flock in Brazil. Virus Res. 2018;255:10-13. DOI 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee C.K., Bent S.J. Uncovering the hidden villain within the human respiratory microbiome. Diagnosis. 2014;1:203-212. DOI 10.1515/dx­2014­0039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee C.K., Bent S.J. Uncovering the hidden villain within the human respiratory microbiome. Diagnosis. 2014;1:203-212. DOI 10.1515/dx­2014­0039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L., Giannitti F., Low J., Keyes C., Ullmann L.S., Deng X., Ale­ man M., Pesavento P.A., Pusterla N., Delwart E. Exploring the vi­ rome of diseased horses. J. Gen. Virol. 2015;96:2721-2733. DOI 10.1099/vir.0.000199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L., Giannitti F., Low J., Keyes C., Ullmann L.S., Deng X., Ale­ man M., Pesavento P.A., Pusterla N., Delwart E. Exploring the vi­ rome of diseased horses. J. Gen. Virol. 2015;96:2721-2733. DOI 10.1099/vir.0.000199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo X.L., Lu S., Jin D., Yang J., Wu S.S., Xu J. Marmota himalayana in the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau as a special host for bi-segmented and unsegmented picobirnaviruses. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2018; 7(1):20. DOI 10.1038/s41426­018­0020­6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo X.L., Lu S., Jin D., Yang J., Wu S.S., Xu J. Marmota himalayana in the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau as a special host for bi-segmented and unsegmented picobirnaviruses. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2018; 7(1):20. DOI 10.1038/s41426­018­0020­6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luque D., Gómez­Blanco J., Garriga D., Brilot A.F., González J.M., Havens W.M., Carrascosa J.L., Trus B.L., Verdaguer N., Ghab­ rial S.A., Castón J.R. Cryo­EM near­atomic structure of a dsRNA fungal virus shows ancient structural motifs preserved in the dsRNA viral lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014;111:7641-7646. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1404330111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luque D., Gómez­Blanco J., Garriga D., Brilot A.F., González J.M., Havens W.M., Carrascosa J.L., Trus B.L., Verdaguer N., Ghab­ rial S.A., Castón J.R. Cryo­EM near­atomic structure of a dsRNA fungal virus shows ancient structural motifs preserved in the dsRNA viral lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2014;111:7641-7646. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1404330111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Shchelkanov M.Yu. Satellites. In: Guide to Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals. Mos­ cow, 2013;350­352. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Shchelkanov M.Yu. Satellites. In: Guide to Virology. Viruses and viral infections of humans and animals. Mos­ cow, 2013;350­352. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malik Y.S., Kumar N., Sharma K., Dhama K., Shabbir M.Z., Ganesh B., Kobayashi N., Banyai K. Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their rela­ tionship to human strains. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014;2014:780752. DOI 10.1155/2014/780752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik Y.S., Kumar N., Sharma K., Dhama K., Shabbir M.Z., Ganesh B., Kobayashi N., Banyai K. Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their rela­ tionship to human strains. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014;2014:780752. DOI 10.1155/2014/780752.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mindich L. Bacteriophage Ø6: a unique virus having a lipid-con­ taining membrane and a genome composed of three dsRNA seg­ ments. Adv. Virus Res. 1988;35:137-173. DOI10.1016/S0065-3527 (08)60710­1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mindich L. Bacteriophage Ø6: a unique virus having a lipid-con­ taining membrane and a genome composed of three dsRNA seg­ ments. Adv. Virus Res. 1988;35:137-173. DOI10.1016/S0065-3527 (08)60710­1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navarro R., Yibin C., Nair R., Peda A., Aung M.S., Ketzis J., Ma­ lik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. Molecular characterization of complete genomic segment­2 of picobirnavirus strains detected in a cat and a dog. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2017;54:200-204. DOI 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navarro R., Yibin C., Nair R., Peda A., Aung M.S., Ketzis J., Ma­ lik Y.S., Kobayashi N., Ghosh S. Molecular characterization of complete genomic segment­2 of picobirnavirus strains detected in a cat and a dog. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2017;54:200-204. DOI 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyen S., Baker K., Padman B.S., Patwa R., Dunstan R.A., Weston T.A., Schlosser K., Bailey B., Lithgow T., Lazarou M., Luque A., Rohwer F., Blumberg R.S., Barr J.J. Bacteriophage trans­ cytosis provides a mechanism to cross epithelial cell layers. mBio. 2017;8:e01874-17. DOI 10.1128/mBio.01874­17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyen S., Baker K., Padman B.S., Patwa R., Dunstan R.A., Weston T.A., Schlosser K., Bailey B., Lithgow T., Lazarou M., Luque A., Rohwer F., Blumberg R.S., Barr J.J. Bacteriophage trans­ cytosis provides a mechanism to cross epithelial cell layers. mBio. 2017;8:e01874-17. DOI 10.1128/mBio.01874­17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nibert M.L., Tang J., Xie J., Collier A.M., Ghabrial S.A., Baker T.S., Tao Y.J. Chapter Three – 3D structures of fungal partitiviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2013;86:59-85. DOI 10.1016/B978­0­12­394315­6.00003­9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nibert M.L., Tang J., Xie J., Collier A.M., Ghabrial S.A., Baker T.S., Tao Y.J. Chapter Three – 3D structures of fungal partitiviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 2013;86:59-85. DOI 10.1016/B978­0­12­394315­6.00003­9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Omotajo D., Tate T., Cho H., Choudhary M. Distribution and diversity of ribosome binding sites in prokaryotic genomes. BMC Genomics. 2015;16(1):604. DOI 10.1186/s12864­015­1808­6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omotajo D., Tate T., Cho H., Choudhary M. Distribution and diversity of ribosome binding sites in prokaryotic genomes. BMC Genomics. 2015;16(1):604. DOI 10.1186/s12864­015­1808­6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poranen M.M., Bamford D.H. Assembly of large icosahedral double­ stranded RNA viruses. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2012;726:379-402. DOI 10.1007/978­1­4614­0980­9_17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poranen M.M., Bamford D.H. Assembly of large icosahedral double­ stranded RNA viruses. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2012;726:379-402. DOI 10.1007/978­1­4614­0980­9_17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramesh A., Bailey E.S., Ahyon V., Langelier C., Phelps M., Neff N., Sit R., Tato C., DeRisi J.L., Greer A.G., Gray G.C. Metagenomic characterization of swine slurry in a North American swine farm ope­ ration. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:16994. DOI 10.1038/s41598­021­95804­y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramesh A., Bailey E.S., Ahyon V., Langelier C., Phelps M., Neff N., Sit R., Tato C., DeRisi J.L., Greer A.G., Gray G.C. Metagenomic characterization of swine slurry in a North American swine farm ope­ ration. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:16994. DOI 10.1038/s41598­021­95804­y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reed C.А., Langlais C., Wang I.-N., Young R. A2 expression and as­ sembly regulates lysis in Qβ infections. Microbiology. 2013;159: 507­514. DOI 10.1099/mic.0.064790­0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reed C.А., Langlais C., Wang I.-N., Young R. A2 expression and as­ sembly regulates lysis in Qβ infections. Microbiology. 2013;159: 507­514. DOI 10.1099/mic.0.064790­0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosen B.I., Fang Z­Y., Glass R.I., Monroe S.S. Cloning of human pi­ cobirnavirus genomic segments and development of an RT-PCR detection assay. Virology. 2000;277(2):316-329. DOI 10.1006/viro.2000.0594.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosen B.I., Fang Z­Y., Glass R.I., Monroe S.S. Cloning of human pi­ cobirnavirus genomic segments and development of an RT-PCR detection assay. Virology. 2000;277(2):316-329. DOI 10.1006/viro.2000.0594.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sekelja M., Berget I., Naes T., Rudi K. Unveiling an abundant core microbiota in the human adult colon by a phylogroup­independent searching approach. ISME J. 2011;5(3):519-531. DOI 10.1038/ismej.2010.129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sekelja M., Berget I., Naes T., Rudi K. Unveiling an abundant core microbiota in the human adult colon by a phylogroup­independent searching approach. ISME J. 2011;5(3):519-531. DOI 10.1038/ismej.2010.129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shackelton L.A., Holmes E.C. The role of alternative genetic codes in viral evolution and emergence. J. Theor. Biol. 2008;254:128-134. DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.05.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shackelton L.A., Holmes E.C. The role of alternative genetic codes in viral evolution and emergence. J. Theor. Biol. 2008;254:128-134. DOI 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.05.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahi S., Eusebio­Cope A., Kondo H., Hillman B.I., Suzuki N. Inves­ tigation of host range of and host defense against a mitochondrially replicating mitovirus. J. Virol. 2019;93:e01503-18. DOI 10.1128/JVI.01503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahi S., Eusebio­Cope A., Kondo H., Hillman B.I., Suzuki N. Inves­ tigation of host range of and host defense against a mitochondrially replicating mitovirus. J. Virol. 2019;93:e01503-18. DOI 10.1128/JVI.01503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi M., Lin X.D., Tian J.H., Chen L.J., Chen X., Li C.X., Qin X.C., Li J., Cao J.P., Eden J.S., Buchmann J., Wang W., Xu J., Holmes E.C., Zhang Y.-Z. Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere. Nature. 2016;540:539-543. DOI 10.1038/nature20167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi M., Lin X.D., Tian J.H., Chen L.J., Chen X., Li C.X., Qin X.C., Li J., Cao J.P., Eden J.S., Buchmann J., Wang W., Xu J., Holmes E.C., Zhang Y.-Z. Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere. Nature. 2016;540:539-543. DOI 10.1038/nature20167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smits S.L., Schapendonk C.M., van Beek J., Vennema H., Schürch A.C., Schipper D., Bodewes R., Haagmans B.L., Osterhaus A.D., Koop­ mans M.P. New viruses in idiopathic human diarrhea cases, the Ne­ therlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014;20(7):1218-1222. DOI 10.3201/eid2007.140190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smits S.L., Schapendonk C.M., van Beek J., Vennema H., Schürch A.C., Schipper D., Bodewes R., Haagmans B.L., Osterhaus A.D., Koop­ mans M.P. New viruses in idiopathic human diarrhea cases, the Ne­ therlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014;20(7):1218-1222. DOI 10.3201/eid2007.140190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thannesberger J., Hellinger H.J., Klymiuk I., Kastner M.T., Rie­ der F.J.J., Schneider M., Fister S., Lion T., Kosulin K., Laengle J., Bergmann M., Rattei T., Steininger C. Viruses comprise an extensive pool of mobile genetic elements in eukaryote cell cultures and hu­ man clinical samples. FASEB J. 2017;31:1987-2000. DOI 10.1096/fj.201601168R.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thannesberger J., Hellinger H.J., Klymiuk I., Kastner M.T., Rie­ der F.J.J., Schneider M., Fister S., Lion T., Kosulin K., Laengle J., Bergmann M., Rattei T., Steininger C. Viruses comprise an extensive pool of mobile genetic elements in eukaryote cell cultures and hu­ man clinical samples. FASEB J. 2017;31:1987-2000. DOI 10.1096/fj.201601168R.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vainio E.J., Chiba S., Ghabrial S.A., Maiss E., Roossinck M., Sa­ banadzovic S., Suzuki N., Xie J., Nibert M. ICTV Virus Taxono­ my Profile: Partitiviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2018;99(1):17-18. DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.000985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vainio E.J., Chiba S., Ghabrial S.A., Maiss E., Roossinck M., Sa­ banadzovic S., Suzuki N., Xie J., Nibert M. ICTV Virus Taxono­ my Profile: Partitiviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2018;99(1):17-18. DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.000985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf Y.I., Kazlauskas D., Iranzo J., Lucía­Sanz A., Kuhn J.H., Kru­ povic M., Dolja V.V., Koonin E.V. Origins and evolution of the global RNA virome. mBio. 2018;9:e02329-18. DOI 10.1128/mBio.02329­18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf Y.I., Kazlauskas D., Iranzo J., Lucía­Sanz A., Kuhn J.H., Kru­ povic M., Dolja V.V., Koonin E.V. Origins and evolution of the global RNA virome. mBio. 2018;9:e02329-18. DOI 10.1128/mBio.02329­18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woo P.C.Y., Lau S.K.P., Teng J.L.L., Tsang A.K.L., Joseph M., Wong E.Y.M., Tang Y., Sivakumar S., Bai R., Wernery R., Wer­nery U., Yuen K.­Y. Metagenomic analysis of viromes of dromedary camel fecal samples reveals large number and high diversity of circoviruses and picobirnaviruses. Virology. 2014;471-473:117-125. DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woo P.C.Y., Lau S.K.P., Teng J.L.L., Tsang A.K.L., Joseph M., Wong E.Y.M., Tang Y., Sivakumar S., Bai R., Wernery R., Wer­nery U., Yuen K.­Y. Metagenomic analysis of viromes of dromedary camel fecal samples reveals large number and high diversity of circoviruses and picobirnaviruses. Virology. 2014;471-473:117-125. DOI 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woo P.C.Y., Teng J.L.L., Bai R., Tang Y., Wong A.Y.P., Li K.S.M., Lam C.S.F., Fan R.Y.Y., Lau S.K.P., Yuen K.­Y. Novel picobirna­ viruses in respiratory and alimentary tracts of cattle and monkeys with large intra­ and inter­host diversity. Viruses. 2019;11:574. DOI 10.3390/v11060574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woo P.C.Y., Teng J.L.L., Bai R., Tang Y., Wong A.Y.P., Li K.S.M., Lam C.S.F., Fan R.Y.Y., Lau S.K.P., Yuen K.­Y. Novel picobirna­ viruses in respiratory and alimentary tracts of cattle and monkeys with large intra­ and inter­host diversity. Viruses. 2019;11:574. DOI 10.3390/v11060574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yinda C.K., Ghogomu S.M., Conceição­Neto N., Beller L., De­ boutte W., Vanhulle E., Maes P., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J. Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavi­ rus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative ge­ netic code. Virus Evol. 2018;4:vey008. DOI 10.1093/ve/vey008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yinda C.K., Ghogomu S.M., Conceição­Neto N., Beller L., De­ boutte W., Vanhulle E., Maes P., Van Ranst M., Matthijnssens J. Cameroonian fruit bats harbor divergent viruses, including rotavi­ rus H, bastroviruses, and picobirnaviruses using an alternative ge­ netic code. Virus Evol. 2018;4:vey008. DOI 10.1093/ve/vey008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yinda C.K., Vanhulle E., Conceição­Neto N., Beller L., Deboutte W., Shi C., Ghogomu S.M., Maes P., Ranst M.V., Matthijnssens J. Gut virome analysis of Cameroonians reveals high diversity of enteric vi­ ruses, including potential interspecies transmitted viruses. mSphere. 2019;4(1):e00585-18. DOI 10.1128/mSphere.00585-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yinda C.K., Vanhulle E., Conceição­Neto N., Beller L., Deboutte W., Shi C., Ghogomu S.M., Maes P., Ranst M.V., Matthijnssens J. Gut virome analysis of Cameroonians reveals high diversity of enteric vi­ ruses, including potential interspecies transmitted viruses. mSphere. 2019;4(1):e00585-18. DOI 10.1128/mSphere.00585-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
