vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJGB-23-45vavilov-3780Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКАHUMAN GENETICSРоль Берингии в адаптации человека к условиям Арктики по результатам геномных исследований современного и древнего населенияThe role of Beringia in human adaptation to Arctic conditions based on results of genomic studies of modern and ancient populationshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-0652МалярчукБ. А.MalyarchukB. A.

Магадан

Magadan

malyarchuk@ibpn.ruИнститут биологических проблем Севера Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук; Северо-Восточный комплексный научно-исследовательский институт им. Н.А. Шило Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202314072023274373382Copyright © Малярчук Б.А., 20232023Малярчук Б.А.Malyarchuk B.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3780

Результаты исследований в области четвертичной геологии, археологии, палеоантропологии и генетики человека показывают, что предки американских индейцев прибыли в средние широты Северной Америки главным образом по тихоокеанскому побережью. Но до этого они населяли Арктику и во время послед него ледникового максимума укрывались в рефугиуме на территории Берингии, соединявшей Евразию и Северную Америку. Генофонд американских индейцев представлен уникальными гаплогруппами митохондриаль ной ДНК и Y-хромосомы, эволюционный возраст которых составляет от 13 до 22 тыс. лет. Результаты анализа палео геномных данных также свидетельствуют о том, что во время последнего ледникового максимума на территории Берингии сохранялись группы населения, возникшие в результате взаимодействия древнейшего верхнепалеолитического населения Северной Евразии и пришлых групп населения из Восточной Азии. Примерно 20 тыс. лет назад началось формирование популяций Берингии, а время их существования в относительной изоляции оценивается примерно в 5 тыс. лет. Таким образом, период адаптации берингийцев к условиям Арктики мог занять несколько тысячелетий. Адаптация предков америндов к высоким широтам и холодному климату подтверждается геномными данными, показавшими, что адаптивные генетические варианты у американских индейцев ассоциируются с различными метаболическими путями: процессами продукции меланина в коже, волосах и глазах, функционированием сердечно-сосудистой системы, энергетическим обменом и особенностями иммунного ответа. Между тем анализ существующих гипотез об отборе некоторых генетических вариантов у берингийских предков америндов в связи с адаптацией к условиям Арктики (например, в генах FADS, ACTN3, EDAR) демонстрирует неоднозначность результатов проверки, что может быть связано с утратой некоторых следов «берингийской» адаптации в генофондах современных американских индейцев. Наиболее оптимальной стратегией дальнейших исследований представляется поиск адаптивных вариантов с помощью анализа палеогеномных данных с территории Берингии, однако таких генетических данных пока очень мало.

The results of studies in Quaternary geology, archeology, paleoanthropology and human genetics demonstrate that the ancestors of Native Americans arrived in mid-latitude North America mainly along the Pacific Northwest Coast, but had previously inhabited the Arctic and during the last glacial maximum were in a refugium in Beringia, a land bridge connecting Eurasia and North America. The gene pool of Native Americans is represented by unique haplogroups of mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome, the evolutionary age of which ranges from 13 to 22 thousand years. The results of a paleogenomic analysis also show that during the last glacial maximum Beringia was populated by human groups that had arisen as a result of interaction between the most ancient Upper Paleolithic populations of Northern Eurasia and newcomer groups from East Asia. Approximately 20 thousand years ago the Beringian populations began to form, and the duration of their existence in relative isolation is estimated at about 5 thousand years. Thus, the adaptation of the Beringians to the Arctic conditions could have taken several millennia. The adaptation of Amerindian ancestors to high latitudes and cold climates is supported by genomic data showing that adaptive genetic variants in Native Americans are associated with various metabolic pathways: melanin production processes in the skin, hair and eyes, the functioning of the cardiovascular system, energy metabolism and immune response characteristics. Meanwhile, the analysis of the existing hypotheses about the selection of some genetic variants in the Beringian ancestors of the Amerindians in connection with adaptation to the Arctic conditions (for example, in the FADS, ACTN3, EDAR genes) shows the ambiguity of the testing results, which may be due to the loss of some traces of the “Beringian” adaptation in the gene pools of modern Native Americans. The most optimal strategy for further research seems to be the search for adaptive variants using the analysis of paleogenomic data from the territory of Beringia, but such genetic data are still very scarce.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.