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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJGB-23-75</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3936</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANIMAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Хромосомы певчих птиц, ограниченные зародышевой линией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Germline-restricted chromosomes of the songbirds</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-844X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородин</surname><given-names>П. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodin</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borodin@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>641</fpage><lpage>650</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бородин П.М., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бородин П.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Borodin P.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3936">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3936</self-uri><abstract><p>Хромосомы, ограниченные зародышевой линией (germline-restricted chromosomes – GRC), присутствуют в геномах герминативных клеток и запрограммированно элиминируются из соматических клеток в ходе развития. Они крайне редко возникают в ходе эволюции. Еще реже они становятся необходимыми элементами геномов герминативных клеток крупных таксонов. Такая хромосома, ограниченная зародышевой линией, была обнаружена у всех исследованных представителей подотряда воробьинообразных певчих птиц. Ни у одного из представителей других отрядов птиц GRC не выявлено. Это свидетельствует о том, что GRC возникла у общего предка воробьинообразных певчих птиц. У всех представителей этого подотряда GRC присутствует, как правило, в двух копиях в герминативных клетках самок и в одной копии у самцов и отсутствует в соматических клетках. У самок GRC синаптируют и рекомбинируют в профазе мейоза. У самцов они почти всегда элиминируются из сперматоцитов. Таким образом, GRC наследуется почти исключительно по материнской линии. Хромосомы, ограниченные зародышевой линией, – необходимый элемент генома герминативных клеток певчих птиц. На сегодняшний день исследованы геномы GRC четырех видов. Некоторые гены GRC активно экспрессируются в гонадах самцов и самок, контролируют развитие герминативных клеток, синтез белков, вовлеченных в организацию мейо тических хромосом. GRC разных видов различаются по размерам и генетическому составу. Геном GRC каждого вида птиц состоит из амплифицированных перестроенных копий генов основного генома данного вида. Уровень гомологии между GRC разных видов довольно низок. Это указывает на высокую скорость эволюции генетического состава хромосомы. Значительный вклад в ускорение эволюции GRC вносят передача этой хромосомы по материнской линии и подавление рекомбинации в ней. Можно считать, что быстрая согласованная эволюция генов GRC и генов основного набора воробьинообразных певчих птиц играет важную роль в видообразовании и адаптивной радиации представителей этого самого богатого видами и разнообразного под отряда птиц.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Germline-restricted chromosomes (GRCs) are present in the genomes of germline cells and absent from somatic cells. A GRC is found in all species of the songbirds (Passeri) and in none of the other bird orders studied to date. This indicates that GRC originated in the common ancestor of the songbirds. The germline-restricted chromosome is permanently absent from somatic cells of the songbird, while female germline cells usually contain two copies of GRC and male ones have one copy. In females, GRCs undergo synapsis and restricted recombination in their terminal regions during meiotic prophase. In males, it is almost always eliminated from spermatocytes. Thus, GRC is inherited almost exclusively through the maternal lineage. The germline-restricted chromosome is a necessary genomic element in the germline cells of songbirds. To date, the GRC genetic composition has been studied in four species only. Some GRC genes are actively expressed in female and male gonads, controlling the development of germline cells and synthesis of the proteins involved in the organization of meiotic chromosomes. Songbird species vary in GRC size and genetic composition. The GRC of each bird species consists of amplified and modified copies of genes from the basic genome of that species. The level of homology between GRCs of different species is relatively low, indicating a high rate of genetic evolution of this chromosome. Transmission through the maternal lineage and suppression of the recombination contribute significantly to the accelerated evolution of GRCs. One may suggest that the rapid coordinated evolution between the GRC genes and the genes of the basic genome in the songbirds might be responsible for the explosive speciation and adaptive radiation of this most species-rich and diverse infraorder of birds.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хромосомы</kwd><kwd>ограниченные зародышевой линией</kwd><kwd>эволюция генома птиц</kwd><kwd>запрограммированная элиминация ДНК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>germline-restricted chromosomes</kwd><kwd>avian genome evolution</kwd><kwd>programmed DNA elimination</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 23-14-00182. The author expresses sincere gratitude to A.A. Torgasheva and L.P. 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