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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJGB-23-96</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-3983</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ особенностей эволюции генов рецепторов клеточной поверхности человека, участвующих в регуляции аппетита,  на основе индексов филостратиграфического возраста  и микроэволюционной изменчивости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evolution of human genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in the regulation of appetite: an analysis  based on the phylostratigraphic age and divergence indexes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8588-6511</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатьева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatieva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eignat@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3138-381X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лашин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lashin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2724-4497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>З. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>Z. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6800-8787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колчанов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolchanov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>829</fpage><lpage>838</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Игнатьева Е.В., Лашин С.А., Мустафин З.С., Колчанов Н.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Игнатьева Е.В., Лашин С.А., Мустафин З.С., Колчанов Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ignatieva E.V., Lashin S.A., Mustafin Z.S., Kolchanov N.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3983">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3983</self-uri><abstract><p>Гены рецепторов клеточной поверхности составляют существенную долю генома человека (более тысячи генов) и выполняют важную роль в генных сетях. Рецепторы клеточной поверхности – это трансмембранные белки, которые взаимодействуют с различными молекулами (лигандами), находящимися во внеклеточном пространстве, что приводит к активации путей сигнальной трансдукции в клетке. Для рецепторов клеточной поверхности известно большое количество экзогенных лигандов различного происхождения, включая лекарственные препараты, что и определяет интерес к их исследованию с точки зрения биомедицины. Аппетит (стремление животного организма потреблять пищу) – один из самых примитивных инстинктов, способствующих выживанию. Однако приобретенный в ходе эволюции механизм приспособления к неблагоприятным факторам в условиях стабильного поступления питательных веществ оказался избыточным, в связи с чем ожирение стало одной из самых серьезных проблем общественного здравоохранения в XXI веке. Патологические состояния человека, характеризующиеся нарушениями аппетита, включают как гиперфагию, неминуемо приводящую к ожирению, так и нервную анорексию, индуцированную психосоциальными стимулами, и снижение аппетита, связанное с воспалительными, нейродегенеративными и онкологическими заболеваниями. Понимание эволюционных механизмов развития болезней человека, особенно связанных с изменениями образа жизни, произошедшими в течение последних 100–200 лет, имеет как фундаментальное, так и прикладное значение. Особенно важно установить взаимосвязи между эволюционными характеристиками генов в генных сетях и устойчивостью этих сетей к изменениям, вызванным мутациями. Цель данной работы – выявление особенностей эволюции генов рецепторов клеточной поверхности человека, участвующих в регуляции аппетита, с использованием филостратиграфического индекса PAI (phylostratigraphic age index) и индекса эволюционной изменчивости DI (divergence index). Были проанализированы индексы PAI и DI для 64 генов человека, кодирующих рецепторы клеточной поверхности, ортологи которых участвовали в регуляции аппетита у модельных видов животных. Оказалось, что в рассматриваемом наборе генов содержится повышенное количество генов, имеющих одинаковый филостратиграфический возраст (PAI = 5, этап дивергенции позвоночных), и почти все эти гены (28 из 31) относятся к суперсемейству рецепторов, сопряженных с G-белком. По-видимому, синхронизированное эволюционирование такой многочисленной группы генов (31 из 64 генов) связано с формированием у первых позвоночных мозга как отдельного органа. При исследовании распределения генов из этого же набора по значениям индексов DI была выявлена существенная обогащенность генами с низким DI. При этом восемь генов (GPR26, NPY1R, GHSR, ADIPOR1, DRD1, NPY2R, GPR171, NPBWR1) характеризовались экстремально низким значением DI (менее 0.05), что указывает на существенную их подверженность стабилизирующему отбору. Обнаружено также, что группа генов с низким DI обогащена генами, тканеспецифически экспрессирующимися в мозге. В частности, к группе генов, тканеспецифически экспрессирующихся в мозге, относится GPR26, имеющий самое низкое значение DI. Ввиду того, что эндогенный лиганд для рецептора GPR26 пока не выявлен, этот ген представляется чрезвычайно интересным объектом для дальнейшего теоретического и экспериментального исследования. Выявленные нами особенности распределения генов рецепторов клеточной поверхности по эволюционным индексам PAI и DI являются отправной точкой для дальнейшего анализа эволюционных характеристик генной сети регуляции аппетита в целом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Genes encoding cell surface receptors make up a significant portion of the human genome (more than a thousand genes) and play an important role in gene networks. Cell surface receptors are transmembrane proteins that interact with molecules (ligands) located outside the cell. This interaction activates signal transduction pathways in the cell. A large number of exogenous ligands of various origins, including drugs, are known for cell surface receptors, which accounts for interest in them from biomedical researchers. Appetite (the desire of the animal organism to consume food) is one of the most primitive instincts that contribute to survival. However, when the supply of nutrients is stable, the mechanism of adaptation to adverse factors acquired in the course of evolution turned out to be excessive, and therefore obesity has become one of the most serious public health problems of the twenty-first century. Pathological human conditions characterized by appetite violations include both hyperphagia, which inevitably leads to obesity, and anorexia nervosa induced by psychosocial stimuli, as well as decreased appetite caused by neurodegeneration, inflammation or cancer. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of human diseases, especially those related to lifestyle changes that have occurred over the past 100–200 years, is of fundamental and applied importance. It is also very important to identify relationships between the evolutionary characteristics of genes in gene networks and the resistance of these networks to changes caused by mutations. The aim of the current study is to identify the distinctive features of human genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in appetite regulation using the phylostratigraphic age index (PAI) and divergence index (DI). The values of PAI and DI were analyzed for 64 human genes encoding cell surface receptors, the orthologs of which were involved in the regulation of appetite in model animal species. It turned out that the set of genes under consideration contains an increased number of genes with the same phylostratigraphic age (PAI = 5, the stage of vertebrate divergence), and almost all of these genes (28 out  of 31) belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. Apparently, the synchronized evolution of such a large group of genes (31 genes out of 64) is associated with the development of the brain as a separate organ in the first vertebrates. When studying the distribution of genes from the same set by DI values, a significant enrichment with genes having a low DIs was revealed: eight genes (GPR26, NPY1R, GHSR, ADIPOR1, DRD1, NPY2R, GPR171, NPBWR1) had extremely low DIs (less than 0.05). Such low DI values indicate that most likely these genes are subjected to stabili zing selection. It was also found that the group of genes with low DIs was enriched with genes that had brain-specific patterns of expression. In particular, GPR26, which had the lowest DI, is in the group of brain-specific genes. Because the endogenous ligand for the GPR26 receptor has not yet been identified, this gene seems to be an extremely interesting object for further theoretical and experimental research. We believe that the features of the genes encoding cell surface receptors we have identified using the evolutionary metrics PAI and DI can be a starting point for further evolutionary analysis of the gene network regulating appetite.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>регуляция аппетита</kwd><kwd>рецепторы клеточной поверхности</kwd><kwd>чувство голода</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>филостратиграфия</kwd><kwd>возраст гена</kwd><kwd>изменчивость генов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>regulation of appetite</kwd><kwd>cell surface receptors</kwd><kwd>hunger</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>phylostratigraphic analysis</kwd><kwd>gene age</kwd><kwd>gene variability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by the publicly funded project No. FWNR-2022-0020 of the Federal Research Center ICG SB RAS.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahn B.H., Kim M., Kim S.Y. 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