vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJGB-23-116vavilov-4012Research ArticleАКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ГЕНЕТИКЕ И СЕЛЕКЦИИ РАСТЕНИЙMAINSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES IN PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDINGХитозан и его производные как перспективные средства защиты растенийChitosan and its derivatives as promising plant protection toolshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-8228ЩербаньА. Б.ShcherbanA. B.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

atos@bionet.nsc.ruКурчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАНРоссияKurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RASRussian Federation20232912202327810101021Copyright © Щербань А.Б., 20232023Щербань А.Б.Shcherban A.B.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4012

В современных условиях прирост урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур обеспечивается не за счет расширения площадей их возделывания, а главным образом благодаря внедрению передовых технологий. Наиболее эффективная стратегия включает создание генетически устойчивых к неблагоприятным факторам и продуктивных сортов в сочетании с использованием разнообразных средств защиты растений. Однако традиционные, химические, средства защиты, несмотря на эффективность, имеют существенные недостатки: загрязнение окружающей среды, нарушение экологии, токсичность для человека. В последнее время все больше внимания привлекают биологические (на основе природных соединений) средства защиты растений – они лишены этих недостатков, при этом могут быть не менее эффективными. К таким средствам относится хитозан – продукт деацетилирования хитина, одного из наиболее распространенных в природе полисахаридов. Высокая биологическая активность, биосовместимость и безопасность хитозана определяют широту и эффективность его применения в медицине, промышленности и агробиологии. В обзоре рассмотрены механизмы действия хитозана в качестве биопестицида, включающие как прямое подавляющее воздействие на патогены, так и индукцию внутренних защитных систем растения в результате связывания хитозана поверхностными рецепторами клеток. На множестве растительных объектов показано влияние хитозана на формирование устойчивости к основным классам патогенов: грибам, бактериям и вирусам. Кроме того, в работе оценены способы применения хитозана, включающие обработку семян, листьев, плодов, почвы, а также соответствующие этим методам специфические биологические эффекты. Отдельный раздел посвящен средствам защиты на основе хитозана, полученным как путем его химической модификации, так и с помощью комбинирования тех или иных молекулярных форм с различными веществами, усиливающими его антипатогенное действие. Представленные в обзоре данные дают представление о хитозане и его производных как об эффективных и перспективных средствах защиты растений и биостимуляторах. 

In modern conditions, the increase in the yield of agricultural crops is provided not by expanding the areas of their cultivation, but mainly by introducing advanced technologies. The most effective strategy for this purpose is the development of genetically resistant and productive cultivars in combination with the use of a variety of plant protection products (PPPs). However, traditional, chemical PPPs, despite their effectiveness, have significant drawbacks, namely, pollution of environment, ecological damage, toxicity to humans. Recently, biological PPPs based on natural compounds have attracted more attention, since they do not have these disadvantages, but at the same time they can be no less effective. One of such agents is chitosan, a deacetylation product of chitin, one of the most common polysaccharides in nature. The high biological activity, biocompatibility, and safety of chitosan determine the breadth and effectiveness of its use in medicine, industry, and agrobiology. The review considers various mechanisms of action of chitosan as a biopesticide, including both a direct inhibitory effect on pathogens and the induction of plant internal defense systems as a result of chitosan binding to cell surface receptors. The effect of chitosan on the formation of resistance to the main classes of pathogens: fungi, bacteria, and viruses has been shown on a variety of plant objects. The review also discusses various ways of using chitosan: for the treatment of seeds, leaves, fruits, soil, as well as its specific biological effects corresponding to these ways. A separate chapter is devoted to protection products based on chitosan, obtained by its chemical modifications, or by means of combining of a certain molecular forms of chitosan with various substances that enhance its antipathogenic effect. The data presented in the review generally give an idea of chitosan and its derivatives as very effective and promising plant protection products and biostimulants.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.