<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-24-17</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4084</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНОМИКА И ТРАНСКРИПТОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменчивость плюсовых деревьев сосны обыкновенной  (Pinus sylvestris L.) в Среднем и Верхнем Поволжье  по ISSR-маркерам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Variability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plus trees  in the Middle and Upper Volga Region with the use of ISSR markers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шейкина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheikina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Йошкар-Ола</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yoshkar-Ola</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shejkinaov@volgatech.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Йошкар-Ола</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yoshkar-Ola</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Поволжский государственный технологический университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Volga State University of  Technology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шейкина О.В., Романов Е.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шейкина О.В., Романов Е.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sheikina O.V., Romanov E.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4084">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4084</self-uri><abstract><p>Снижение уровня изменчивости селекционных популяций лесных древесных видов, представляющих собой совокупность отобранных плюсовых деревьев, считается одной из ключевых проблем в лесной селекции. Она связана с опасностью потери генетического разнообразия будущих искусственно созданных лесов, а также с риском возникновения инбредной депрессии семенного потомства плюсовых деревьев. Эффективным инструментом для изучения изменчивости, определения  особенностей генетической структуры и степени дифференциации растений являются ДНК-маркеры. Наше исследование направлено на оценку уровня генетического разнообразия и степени дифференциации плюсовых деревьев разного географического происхождения с применением ISSR-маркеров. С использованием шести ISSR-праймеров изучено 270 плюсовых деревьев  из Пензенской области, Чувашской Республики, Республик Татарстан и Марий Эл. Сравниваемые выборки характеризовались разным уровнем генетического разнообразия. Всего для шести ISSR-праймеров обнаружено 215 ПЦР-фрагментов, при этом у разных выборок число амплифицированных фрагментов варьировало от 186 до 201. Основные показатели генетической изменчивости находились в следующих пределах: доля полиморфных локусов 95.7–96.9 %, число аллелей на локус 1.96–1.97, число эффективных аллелей 1.31–1.48, индекс Шеннона 0.291–0.429, ожидаемая гетерозиготность 0.205–0.298. По результатам анализа молекулярной дисперсии (AMOVA) установлено, что 82 % вариабельности ISSRлокусов обнаруживается внутри выборок плюсовых деревьев и только 18 % приходится на изменчивость между сравниваемыми группами деревьев из разных географических районов. Построение UPGMA-дендрограммы показало близость генетической структуры плюсовых деревьев из Пензенской области, Чувашской Республики и Республики Татарстан и обособленность плюсового генофонда сосны обыкновенной из Республики Марий Эл. Результаты исследований указывают на то, что уровень генетического разнообразия, структура генетической изменчивости и характер дифференциации плюсовых деревьев соответствуют ранее выявленным для природных популяций сосны обыкновенной в Среднем и Верхнем Поволжье.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>One of the serious issues in forest breeding is how to reduce the variability level in breeding populations of forest tree species that is a set of selected plus trees. The problem is that variability is jeopardized by the risk of losing the genetic diversity of future artificial forests, as well as emerging inbreeding depression in the seed plus trees progeny. DNA markers are an effective tool to study variability, identify features of the genetic structure and degree of plant differentiation. The research focuses on assessing the level of the genetic diversity and the degree of differentiation of plus trees of various geographic origin with the use of ISSR markers. We used six ISSR primers to study 270 plus trees grown in the Penza region, the Chuvash Republic, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Mari El Republic. The samples of plus trees under study were characterized by different levels of genetic diversity. Two hundred fifteen PCR fragments were identified for six ISSR primers in total, while the number of amplified fragments varied from 186 to 201 in different plus trees samples. The genetic variabil ity varied within the following limits: 95.7–96.9 %, polymorphic loci; 1.96–1.97, the number of alleles per locus; 1.31–1.48, the number of effective alleles per locus: finally, 0.291–0.429, Shannon’s index; 0.205–0.298, the expected heterozygosity. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 82 % of the variability of ISSR markers is typical for the plus tree samples, while only 18 % is variability among the compared groups of trees from different geographical zones. The dendrogram generated by UPGMA showed that the plus trees grown in the Penza region, the Chuvash Republic and the Republic of Tatarstan are similar in term of the genetic structure of plus trees, while the plus gene pool of Scots pine from the Mari El Republic stands alone. The results of the research prove that the level of genetic diversity, the structure of genetic variability, and the nature of differentiation of plus trees are consistent with those previously elicited for natural populations of Scots pine in the Middle and Upper Volga region.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Pinus sylvestris L.</kwd><kwd>плюсовые деревья</kwd><kwd>генетическое разнообразие</kwd><kwd>дифференциация</kwd><kwd>ISSR-маркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pinus sylvestris L.</kwd><kwd>plus trees</kwd><kwd>genetic diversity</kwd><kwd>differentiation</kwd><kwd>ISSR markers</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF, No. 23-16-00220), https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-16-00220/ using equipment of the Core Facility Centre “Ecology, biotechnologies and processes for obtaining environmentally friendly energy carriers” of Volga State University of Technology, Yoshkar-Ola.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergman F., Ruetz W. Isozyme genetic variation and heterozygosity in random tree samples and selected orchard clones from the same Norway spruce populations. For. Ecol. Manag. 1991;46(1-2):39-47. DOI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90243-O</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergman F., Ruetz W. Isozyme genetic variation and heterozygosity in random tree samples and selected orchard clones from the same Norway spruce populations. For. Ecol. Manag. 1991;46(1-2):39-47. DOI 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90243-O</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Besschetnova N.N., Besschetnov V.P. Variability of morphometrical characteristics of needles at a clonal plantation of plus trees of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selekt sii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017;21(2):198-206. DOI 10.18699/VJ17.237 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besschetnova N.N., Besschetnov V.P. Variability of morphometrical characteristics of needles at a clonal plantation of plus trees of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selekt sii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2017;21(2):198-206. DOI 10.18699/VJ17.237 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chertov N., Nechaeva Y., Zhulanov A., Pystogova N., Danilova M., Boronnikova S., Kalendar R. Genetic structure of Pinus populations in the Urals. Forests. 2022;13(8):1278. DOI 10.3390/f1308 1278</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chertov N., Nechaeva Y., Zhulanov A., Pystogova N., Danilova M., Boronnikova S., Kalendar R. Genetic structure of Pinus populations in the Urals. Forests. 2022;13(8):1278. DOI 10.3390/f1308 1278</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cipriano J., Carvalho A., Fernandes C., Gaspar M.J., Pires J., Bento J., Roxo L., Louzada J., Lima-Brito J. Evaluation of genetic diversity of Portuguese Pinus sylvestris L. populations based on molecular data and inferences about the future use of this germplasm. J. Genet. 2013;92(2):e41-e48. DOI 10.1007/s12041-013-0241-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cipriano J., Carvalho A., Fernandes C., Gaspar M.J., Pires J., Bento J., Roxo L., Louzada J., Lima-Brito J. Evaluation of genetic diversity of Portuguese Pinus sylvestris L. populations based on molecular data and inferences about the future use of this germplasm. J. Genet. 2013;92(2):e41-e48. DOI 10.1007/s12041-013-0241-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doyle J.J., Doyle J.L. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. Bull. 1987;19:11-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doyle J.J., Doyle J.L. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. Bull. 1987;19:11-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosius B., Leinemann L., Konnert M., Bergmann F. Genetic aspects of forestry in the Central Europe. Eur. J. For. Res. 2006;125(4):407-417. DOI 10.1007/s10342-006-0136-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hosius B., Leinemann L., Konnert M., Bergmann F. Genetic aspects of forestry in the Central Europe. Eur. J. For. Res. 2006;125(4):407-417. DOI 10.1007/s10342-006-0136-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hui-yu L., Jing J., Gui-feng L., Xu-jun M., Jing-xiang D., Shi-lie L. Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers. J. For. Res. 2005;16(3):216-218. DOI 10.1007/BF02856818</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hui-yu L., Jing J., Gui-feng L., Xu-jun M., Jing-xiang D., Shi-lie L. Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers. J. For. Res. 2005;16(3):216-218. DOI 10.1007/BF02856818</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ilinov A.A., Raevskiy B.V. Comparative evaluation of the genetic diversity of natural populations and clonal seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea × fennica (Regel) Kom. in Karelia. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res. 2017;7(6):607-616. DOI 10.1134/S2079059717060065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilinov A.A., Raevskiy B.V. Comparative evaluation of the genetic diversity of natural populations and clonal seed orchards of Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea × fennica (Regel) Kom. in Karelia. Russ. J. Genet. Appl. Res. 2017;7(6):607-616. DOI 10.1134/S2079059717060065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ilinov A.A., Raevsky B.V. Genetic diversity of scots pine trees of different selection categories in plus stands of Karelia. Ekologic heskaya Genetika = Ecological Genetics. 2021;19(1):23-35. DOI 10.17816/ecogen50176 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilinov A.A., Raevsky B.V. Genetic diversity of scots pine trees of different selection categories in plus stands of Karelia. Ekologic heskaya Genetika = Ecological Genetics. 2021;19(1):23-35. DOI 10.17816/ecogen50176 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ilinov A.A., Raevsky B.V. Genetic evaluation by microsatellite loci of Pinus sylvestris L. plus trees. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal. 2023;3:48-68. DOI 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-48-68 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilinov A.A., Raevsky B.V. Genetic evaluation by microsatellite loci of Pinus sylvestris L. plus trees. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal. 2023;3:48-68. DOI 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-48-68 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamalov R.M., Peturenko M.Yu., Degtyareva A.P. Variability of indicators of molecular markers in clones of plus trees Pinus sylvestris L. Trudy Sankt-Peterburgskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Lesnogo Khozyaystva = Proceedings of the Saint Petersburg Forestry Research Institute. 2022;3:4-14. DOI 10.21178/20796080.2022.3.4 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamalov R.M., Peturenko M.Yu., Degtyareva A.P. Variability of indicators of molecular markers in clones of plus trees Pinus sylvestris L. Trudy Sankt-Peterburgskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Lesnogo Khozyaystva = Proceedings of the Saint Petersburg Forestry Research Institute. 2022;3:4-14. DOI 10.21178/20796080.2022.3.4 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khanova E., Konovalov V., Timeryanov A., Isyanyulova R., Rafikova D. Genetic and selection assessment of the scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in forest seed orchards. Wood Res. 2020;65(2):283-292. DOI 10.37763/wr.1336-4561/65.2.283292</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanova E., Konovalov V., Timeryanov A., Isyanyulova R., Rafikova D. Genetic and selection assessment of the scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in forest seed orchards. Wood Res. 2020;65(2):283-292. DOI 10.37763/wr.1336-4561/65.2.283292</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koelewijn H.P., Koski V., Savolainen O. Magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Evolution.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koelewijn H.P., Koski V., Savolainen O. Magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Evolution.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">;53(3):758-768. DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05370.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">;53(3):758-768. DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05370.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milyutina T.N., Sheikina O.V., Novikov P.S. Molecular-genetic research of variation in clonal progeny of Pinus sylvestris plus trees using ISSR markers. Khvoynye Boreal’noy Zony = Conifers of the Boreal Area. 2013;31(1-2):102-105 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milyutina T.N., Sheikina O.V., Novikov P.S. Molecular-genetic research of variation in clonal progeny of Pinus sylvestris plus trees using ISSR markers. Khvoynye Boreal’noy Zony = Conifers of the Boreal Area. 2013;31(1-2):102-105 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peakall R., Smouse P.E. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research an update. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(19):2537-2539. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peakall R., Smouse P.E. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research an update. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(19):2537-2539. DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prishnivskaya Ya.V., Nassonova E.S., Chertov N.V., Zhulanov А.A., Vasileva Yu.S., Boronnikova S.V., Kalendar R.N. Genetic diversity within species of two species woody plants populations in Perm Krai. Bulleten Nauki i Praktiki = Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2019;5(4):58-68. DOI 10.33619/2414-2948/41/06 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prishnivskaya Ya.V., Nassonova E.S., Chertov N.V., Zhulanov А.A., Vasileva Yu.S., Boronnikova S.V., Kalendar R.N. Genetic diversity within species of two species woody plants populations in Perm Krai. Bulleten Nauki i Praktiki = Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2019;5(4):58-68. DOI 10.33619/2414-2948/41/06 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sannikov S.N., Petrova I.V., Egorov E.V., Sannikova N.S. Searching for and revealing the system of pleistocene refugia for the species Pinus sylvestris L. Russ. J. Ecol. 2020;51(3):215-223. DOI 10.1134/S1067413620030133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sannikov S.N., Petrova I.V., Egorov E.V., Sannikova N.S. Searching for and revealing the system of pleistocene refugia for the species Pinus sylvestris L. Russ. J. Ecol. 2020;51(3):215-223. DOI 10.1134/S1067413620030133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sboeva Y., Chertov N., Nechaeva Y., Valeeva A., Boronnikova S., Kalendar R. Genetic diversity, structure, and differentiation of Pinus sylvestris L. populations in the East European Plain and the Middle Urals. Forests. 2022;13(11):1798. DOI 10.3390/f13111798</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sboeva Y., Chertov N., Nechaeva Y., Valeeva A., Boronnikova S., Kalendar R. Genetic diversity, structure, and differentiation of Pinus sylvestris L. populations in the East European Plain and the Middle Urals. Forests. 2022;13(11):1798. DOI 10.3390/f13111798</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheikina O.V. Genetic structure and differentiation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations in the Middle and Upper Volga Regions. Ekologicheskaya Genetika = Ecological Genetics. 2022a; 20(4):261-270. DOI 10.17816/ecogen110866 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheikina O.V. Genetic structure and differentiation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations in the Middle and Upper Volga Regions. Ekologicheskaya Genetika = Ecological Genetics. 2022a; 20(4):261-270. DOI 10.17816/ecogen110866 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheikina O.V. Application of molecular markers in forest breeding and seed production in Russia: experience and prospects (review). Vestnik Povolzhskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnologicheskogo Universiteta. Seriya: Les. Ekologiya. Prirodopolzovanie = Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Series: Forest. Ecology. Nature Management. 2022b;2(54):64-79. DOI 10.25686/2306-2827.2022.2.64 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheikina O.V. Application of molecular markers in forest breeding and seed production in Russia: experience and prospects (review). Vestnik Povolzhskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnologicheskogo Universiteta. Seriya: Les. Ekologiya. Prirodopolzovanie = Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Series: Forest. Ecology. Nature Management. 2022b;2(54):64-79. DOI 10.25686/2306-2827.2022.2.64 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shigapov Z.H. Comparative genetic analysis of forest seed plantations and natural populations of Scots pine. Lesovedenie = Russian Journal of Forest Science. 1995;3:19-24 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shigapov Z.H. Comparative genetic analysis of forest seed plantations and natural populations of Scots pine. Lesovedenie = Russian Journal of Forest Science. 1995;3:19-24 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takezaki N., Nei M., Tamura K. POPTREEW: web version of POPTREE for constructing population trees from allele frequency data and computing some other quantities. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014; 31(6):1622-1624. DOI 10.1093/molbev/msu093</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takezaki N., Nei M., Tamura K. POPTREEW: web version of POPTREE for constructing population trees from allele frequency data and computing some other quantities. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2014; 31(6):1622-1624. DOI 10.1093/molbev/msu093</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarakanov V.V., Kalchenko L.I. Phenetic Analysis of Clonal and Natural Populations of Pinus sylvestris L. in the Altai Territory. Novosibirsk: Acad. Publ. House “Geo”, 2015 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarakanov V.V., Kalchenko L.I. Phenetic Analysis of Clonal and Natural Populations of Pinus sylvestris L. in the Altai Territory. Novosibirsk: Acad. Publ. House “Geo”, 2015 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarakanov V.V., Palenova M.M., Parkinа O.V., Rogovtsev R.V., Tretyakova R.A. Forest tree breeding in Russia: achievements, challenges, priorities (review). Lesokhozyastvennaya Informatsiya = Forestry Information. 2021;1:100-143. DOI 10.24419/LHI.2304-3083.2021.1.09 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarakanov V.V., Palenova M.M., Parkinа O.V., Rogovtsev R.V., Tretyakova R.A. Forest tree breeding in Russia: achievements, challenges, priorities (review). Lesokhozyastvennaya Informatsiya = Forestry Information. 2021;1:100-143. DOI 10.24419/LHI.2304-3083.2021.1.09 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsarev A.P., Laur N.V., Tsarev V.A., Tsareva R.P. The current state of forest breeding in the Russian Federation: the trend of recent decades. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal. 2021;6:38-55. DOI 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-38-55 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsarev A.P., Laur N.V., Tsarev V.A., Tsareva R.P. The current state of forest breeding in the Russian Federation: the trend of recent decades. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal. 2021;6:38-55. DOI 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-38-55 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasilyeva Y., Chertov N., Nechaeva Y., Sboeva Y., Pystogova N., Boronnikova S., Kalendar R. Genetic structure, differentiation and originality of Pinus sylvestris L. populations in the East of the East European Plain. Forests. 2021;12(8):999. DOI 10.3390/f12080999</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilyeva Y., Chertov N., Nechaeva Y., Sboeva Y., Pystogova N., Boronnikova S., Kalendar R. Genetic structure, differentiation and originality of Pinus sylvestris L. populations in the East of the East European Plain. Forests. 2021;12(8):999. DOI 10.3390/f12080999</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidyakin A.I., Boronnikova S.V., Nechayeva Y.S., Pryshniv skaya Y.V., Boboshina I.V. Genetic variation, population structure, and differentiation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the northeast of the Russian plain as inferred from the molecular genetic analysis data. Russ. J. Genet. 2015;51(12):1213-1220. DOI 10.1134/S1022795415120133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidyakin A.I., Boronnikova S.V., Nechayeva Y.S., Pryshniv skaya Y.V., Boboshina I.V. Genetic variation, population structure, and differentiation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the northeast of the Russian plain as inferred from the molecular genetic analysis data. Russ. J. Genet. 2015;51(12):1213-1220. DOI 10.1134/S1022795415120133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
