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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-24-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4149</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>SNP-маркеры в биомедицине</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SNP markers in biomedicine</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аллель-специфичная ПЦР с флуоресцентно-мечеными зондами: критерии подбора праймеров для генотипирования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Allele-specific PCR with fluorescently labeled probes: criteria for selecting primers for genotyping</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Девяткин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Devyatkin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкляр</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shklyar</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фурсова</surname><given-names>А. Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fursova</surname><given-names>A. Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцева</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rumyantseva</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожевникова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhevnikova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oidopova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>359</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Девяткин В.А., Шкляр А.А., Фурсова А.Ж., Румянцева Ю.В., Кожевникова О.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Девяткин В.А., Шкляр А.А., Фурсова А.Ж., Румянцева Ю.В., Кожевникова О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Devyatkin V.A., Shklyar A.A., Fursova A.Z., Rumyantseva Y.V., Kozhevnikova O.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4149">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4149</self-uri><abstract><p>Однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы (SNP) могут служить надежными маркерами в генной инженерии, селекции, скрининговых обследованиях и других областях науки, медицины и производства. Полногеномное секвенирование и генотипирование при помощи секвенирования могут высокоспецифично детектировать SNP и выявлять новые аллели. Однако в ситуациях, когда интерес исследователей направлен на отдельные конкретные локусы, эти методы становятся избыточными, а их цена, доля ложноположительных и ложноотрицательных результатов и трудозатраты на пробоподготовку и анализ не оправдывают их применения. Поэтому точные и быстрые методы генотипирования отдельных аллелей все еще остаются востребованными, особенно при проверке кандидатных полиморфизмов в анализах ассоциации с определенным фенотипом. Один из таких методов – генотипирование с использованием аллель-специфичных зондов TaqMan (TaqMan dual labeled probes). Метод заключается в реакции ПЦР в реальном времени с использованием пары праймеров и двух олигонуклеотидных зондов, комплементарных последовательности вблизи данного локуса таким образом, что один зонд комплементарен аллелю дикого типа, а другой – мутантному аллелю. Преимущества метода заключаются в его специфичности, чувствительности, невысокой стоимости и быстроте получения результатов. Он позволяет с высокой точностью различать аллели в геноме в одностадийной ПЦР без дополнительного этапа разделения продуктов реакции, что делает его востребованным в исследованиях генетических ассоциаций в молекулярной генетике и медицине. Благодаря развитию технологий синтеза олигонуклеотидов и совершенствованию методов подбора праймеров и зондов можно ожидать расширения возможностей применения этого подхода в диагностике наследственных заболеваний. В настоящей статье мы разобрали основные принципы метода, процессы, влияющие на результат генотипирования, критерии подбора оптимальных праймеров и зондов, использование LNA-модификаций в олигонуклеотидах, а также привели протокол подбора праймеров, зондов и ПЦР на примере SNP rs11121704. Мы надеемся, что представленный протокол позволит исследовательским группам самостоятельно подбирать собственные эффективные тест-системы для проверки интересующих полиморфизмов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can serve as reliable markers in genetic engineering, selection, screening examinations, and other fields of science, medicine, and manufacturing. Whole-genome sequencing and genotyping by sequencing can detect SNPs with high specificity and identify novel variants. Nonetheless, in situations where the interest of researchers is individual specific loci, these methods become redundant, and their cost, the proportion of false positive and false negative results, and labor costs for sample preparation and analysis do not justify their use. Accordingly, accurate and rapid methods for genotyping individual alleles are still in demand, especially for verification of candidate polymorphisms in analyses of association with a given phenotype. One of these techniques is genotyping using TaqMan allele-specific probes (TaqMan dual labeled probes). The method consists of real-time PCR with a pair of primers and two oligonucleotide probes that are complementary to a sequence near a given locus in such a way that one probe is complementary to the wild-type allele, and the other to a mutant one. Advantages of this approach are its specificity, sensitivity, low cost, and quick results. It makes it possible to distinguish alleles in a genome with high accuracy without additional manipulations with DNA samples or PCR products; hence the popularity of this method in genetic association studies in molecular genetics and medicine. Due to advancements in technologies for the synthesis of oligonucleotides and improvements in techniques for designing primers and probes, we can expect expansion of the possibilities of this approach in terms of the diagnosis of hereditary diseases. In this article, we discuss in detail basic principles of the method, the processes that influence the result of genotyping, criteria for selecting optimal primers and probes, and the use of locked nucleic acid modifications in oligonucleotides as well as provide a protocol for the selection of primers and probes and for PCR by means of rs11121704 as an example. We hope that the presented protocol will allow research groups to independently design their own effective assays for testing for polymorphisms of interest.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы</kwd><kwd>зонды TaqMan</kwd><kwd>LNA-модификации</kwd><kwd>аллель-специфичная ПЦР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>single-nucleotide polymorphisms</kwd><kwd>TaqMan probes</kwd><kwd>LNA modifications</kwd><kwd>allele-specific PCR</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation grant No. 21-15-00047.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broccanello C., Chiodi C., Funk A., McGrath J.M., Panella L., Stevanato P. Comparison of three PCR­based assays for SNP genotyping in plants. 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