vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-24-43vavilov-4180Research ArticleГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ И БИОКОЛЛЕКЦИИPLANT GENETICSМолекулярно-цитогенетическая характеристика новых интрогрессивных линий яровой мягкой пшеницы, устойчивых к стеблевой ржавчинеMolecular cytogenetic characteristics of new spring bread wheat introgressive lines resistant to stem rusthttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9439-2102БарановаО. А.BaranovaO. A.

Санкт-Петербург, Пушкин

St. Petersburg-Pushkin

baranova_oa@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8460-6119АдонинаИ. Г.AdoninaI. G.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8324-9765СибикеевС. Н.SibikeevS. N.

Саратов

Saratov

Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растенийРоссияAll-Russian Institute of Plant ProtectionRussian FederationФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationФедеральный аграрный научный центр Юго-ВостокаРоссияFederal Center of Agricultural Research of the South-East RegionRussian Federation202411072024284377386Copyright © Баранова О.А., Адонина И.Г., Сибикеев С.Н., 20242024Баранова О.А., Адонина И.Г., Сибикеев С.Н.Baranova O.A., Adonina I.G., Sibikeev S.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4180

Опережающая селекция пшеницы на устойчивость к патогенам – залог предотвращения экономически значимых потерь урожая от болезней. В последние годы в основных зернопроизводящих областях Российской Федерации наблюдается увеличение вредоносности опасного заболевания пшеницы – стеблевой ржавчины (возбудитель Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). В то же время сохраняется опасность заноса на территорию России расы патогена Ug99 (TTKSK), которая угрожает производству зерна во всем мире. В связи с этим большое значение приобретают перенос эффективных генов резистентности от родственных видов в селекционный материал мягкой пшеницы, выявление хромосомной локализации интрогрессий и проведение маркерного анализа для идентификации известных генов устойчивости. В настоящей работе был проведен комплексный анализ десяти интрогрессивных линий яровой мягкой пшеницы селекции Федерального аграрного научного центра Юго-Востока (Л657, Л664, Л758, Л935, Л960, Л968, Л971, Л995/1, Л997 и Л1110), полученных с участием Triticum dicoccum, T. timopheevii, T. kiharae, Aegilops speltoides, Agropyron elongatum и Secale cereale. Оценка интрогрессивных линий в полевых условиях на устойчивость к расе Ug99 (TTKSK) показала, что четыре линии были иммунны, две – устойчивы, три – среднеустойчивы, а одна имела промежуточный тип реакции на заражение. Цитогенетический анализ с помощью методов флуоресцентной (FISH) и геномной (GISH) гибридизации in situ выявил интрогрессии от Ae. speltoides (линия Л664), T. timopheevii (линии Л758, Л971, Л995/1, Л997 и Л1110), Thinopyrum ponticum = Ag. elongatum (2n = 70) (Л664, Л758, Л960, Л971, Л997 и Л1110), а также интрогрессии от T. dicoccum (Л657 и Л664), T. kiharae (Л960) и S. cerealе (Л935 и Л968). Для идентификации известных генов устойчивости (Sr2, Sr25, Sr32, Sr1A.1R, Sr36, Sr38, Sr39 и Sr47) использовали молекулярные маркеры, рекомендованные для маркер-ориентированной селекции. Наличие генов Sr36 и Sr25 было постулировано у двух линий (Л997 и Л1110), генов Sr39, Sr25 и Sr47 – у линии Л664. У линий Л935 и Л968 c замещением 3D(3R) от S. cereale ген устойчивости к стеблевой ржавчине предположительно определен как SrSatu. Высокоустойчивые как к местным популяциям P. graminis, так и к расе Ug99 линии мягкой пшеницы являются перспективными донорами для создания новых устойчивых к стеблевой ржавчине сортов.

Anticipatory wheat breeding for pathogen resistance is key to preventing economically significant crop losses caused by diseases. Recently, the harmfulness of a dangerous wheat disease, stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, was increased in the main grain-producing regions of the Russian Federation. At the same time, importation of the Ug99 race (TTKSK) is still a possibility. In this regard, the transfer of effective resistance genes from related species to the bread wheat breeding material followed by the chromosomal localization of the introgressions and a marker analysis to identify known resistance genes is of great importance. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of ten spring bread wheat introgressive lines of the Federal Center of Agricultural Research of the South-East Region (L657, L664, L758, L935, L960, L968, L971, L995/1, L997 and L1110) was carried out. These lines were obtained with the participation of Triticum dicoccum, T. timopheevii, T. kiharae, Aegilops speltoides, Agropyron elongatum and Secale cereale. In this study, the lines were evaluated for resistance to the Ug99 race (TTKSK) in the Njoro, Kenya. Evaluation of introgression lines in the field for resistance to the Ug99 race (TTKSK) showed that four lines were immune, two were resistant, three were moderately resistant, and one had an intermediate type of response to infection. By cytogenetic analysis of these lines using fluorescent (FISH) and genomic (GISH) in situ hybridization, introgressions from Ae. speltoides (line L664), T. timopheevii (lines L758, L971, L995/1, L997 and L1110), Thinopyrum ponticum = Ag. elongatum (2n = 70) (L664, L758, L960, L971, L997 and L1110), as well as introgressions from T. dicoccum (L657 and L664), T. kiharae (L960) and S. cereale (L935 and L968) were detected. Molecular markers recommended for marker-oriented breeding were used to identify known resistance genes (Sr2, Sr25, Sr32, Sr1A.1R, Sr36, Sr38, Sr39 and Sr47). The Sr36 and Sr25 genes were observed in lines L997 and L1110, while line L664 had the Sr39+Sr47+Sr25 gene combination. In lines L935 and L968 with 3R(3D) substitution from S. cereale, gene resistance was presumably identified as SrSatu. Thus, highly resistant to both local populations of P. graminis and the Ug99 race, bread wheat lines are promising donors for the production of new varieties resistant to stem rust.

Triticum aestivum L.интрогрессивные линии пшеницычужеродные интрогрессииPuccinia graminis f. sp. triticiUg99Sr геныTriticum aestivum L.introgressive wheat linesalien introgressionsPuccinia graminis f. sp. triticiUg99Sr genes.The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-26-00172 “Biological justification of genetic protection of wheat against stem rust in the Volga region”. Cytological analysis was performed at the Center for Microscopic Analysis of Biological Objects of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the support of the budget project FWNR-2022-0017. The authors thank the reviewers for their contributions to the peer review of this work.ReferencesBadaeva E.D., Friebe B., Gill B.S. Genome differentiation in Aegilops. 1. Distribution of highly repetitive DNA sequences on chromosome of diploid species. Genome. 1996;39(2):293-306. DOI 10.1139/g96-040Badaeva E.D., Friebe B., Gill B.S. Genome differentiation in Aegilops. 1. Distribution of highly repetitive DNA sequences on chromosome of diploid species. Genome. 1996;39(2):293-306. DOI 10.1139/g96-040Badaeva E.D., Ruban A.S., Aliyeva-Schnorr L., Municio C., Hesse S., Houben A. In situ hybridization to plant chromosomes. In: Liehr T. (Ed.) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Application Guide. Springer protocols handbooks. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2017;477-494. DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-52959-1_49Badaeva E.D., Ruban A.S., Aliyeva-Schnorr L., Municio C., Hesse S., Houben A. In situ hybridization to plant chromosomes. In: Liehr T. (Ed.) Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH): Application Guide. Springer protocols handbooks. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2017;477-494. DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-52959-1_49Baranova O.A., Sibikeev S.N., Druzhin A.E., Sozina I.D. Loss of effectiveness of stem rust resistance genes Sr25 and Sr6Agi in the Lower Volga region. Vestnik Zashchity Rasteniy = Plant Protection News. 2021;104(2):105-112. DOI 10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-2-14994 (in Russian)Baranova O.A., Sibikeev S.N., Druzhin A.E., Sozina I.D. Loss of effectiveness of stem rust resistance genes Sr25 and Sr6Agi in the Lower Volga region. Vestnik Zashchity Rasteniy = Plant Protection News. 2021;104(2):105-112. DOI 10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-2-14994 (in Russian)Baranova O.A., Sibikeev S.N., Konkova E.A. Analysis of resistance to stem rust and identification of Sr genes in introgressive lines of spring bread wheat. Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding. 2023a;184(1):177-186. DOI 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-1-177-186 (in Russian)Baranova O.A., Sibikeev S.N., Konkova E.A. Analysis of resistance to stem rust and identification of Sr genes in introgressive lines of spring bread wheat. Trudy po Prikladnoy Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii = Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding. 2023a;184(1):177-186. DOI 10.30901/2227-8834-2023-1-177-186 (in Russian)Baranova O., Solyanikova V., Kyrova E., Kon’kova E., Gaponov S., Sergeev V., Shevchenko S., Mal’chikov P., Dolzhenko D., Bespalova L., Ablova I., Tarhov A., Vasilova N., Askhadullin Dm., Askhadullin Dn., Sibikeev S. Evaluation of resistance to stem rust and identification of Sr genes in Russian spring and winter wheat cultivars in the Volga region. Agriculture. 2023b;13(3):635. DOI 10.3390/agriculture13030635Baranova O., Solyanikova V., Kyrova E., Kon’kova E., Gaponov S., Sergeev V., Shevchenko S., Mal’chikov P., Dolzhenko D., Bespalova L., Ablova I., Tarhov A., Vasilova N., Askhadullin Dm., Askhadullin Dn., Sibikeev S. Evaluation of resistance to stem rust and identification of Sr genes in Russian spring and winter wheat cultivars in the Volga region. Agriculture. 2023b;13(3):635. DOI 10.3390/agriculture13030635Bariana H.S., McIntosh R.A. Cytogenetic studies in wheat. XV. Location of rust resistance genes in VPM1 and their genetic linkage with other disease resistance genes in chromosome 2A. Genome. 1993; 36(3):476-482. DOI 10.1139/g93-065Bariana H.S., McIntosh R.A. Cytogenetic studies in wheat. XV. Location of rust resistance genes in VPM1 and their genetic linkage with other disease resistance genes in chromosome 2A. Genome. 1993; 36(3):476-482. DOI 10.1139/g93-065Bedbrook R.J., Jones J., O’Dell M., Thompson R.J., Flavell R.B. A molecular description of telomeric heterochromatin in Secale species. Cell. 1980;19(2):545-560. DOI 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90529-2Bedbrook R.J., Jones J., O’Dell M., Thompson R.J., Flavell R.B. A molecular description of telomeric heterochromatin in Secale species. Cell. 1980;19(2):545-560. DOI 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90529-2Cui Y., Zhang Y., Qi J., Wang H., Wang R.R.C., Bao Y., Li X. Identification of chromosomes in Thinopyrum intermedium and wheat Th. intermedium amphiploids based on multiplex oligonucleotide probes. Genome. 2018;61(7):515-521. DOI 10.1139/gen-2018-0019Cui Y., Zhang Y., Qi J., Wang H., Wang R.R.C., Bao Y., Li X. Identification of chromosomes in Thinopyrum intermedium and wheat Th. intermedium amphiploids based on multiplex oligonucleotide probes. Genome. 2018;61(7):515-521. DOI 10.1139/gen-2018-0019Friebe B., Jiang J., Knott D.R., Gill B.S. Compensation indexes of radiation-induced wheat Agropyron elongatum translocations conferring resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. Crop Sci. 1994;34(2):400-404. DOI 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400020018xFriebe B., Jiang J., Knott D.R., Gill B.S. Compensation indexes of radiation-induced wheat Agropyron elongatum translocations conferring resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. Crop Sci. 1994;34(2):400-404. DOI 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400020018xFriebe B., Jiang J., Raupp W.J., McIntosh R.A., Gill B.S. Characterization of wheat-alien translocations conferring resistance to diseases and pests current status. Euphytica. 1996;91:59-87. DOI 10.1007/BF00035277Friebe B., Jiang J., Raupp W.J., McIntosh R.A., Gill B.S. Characterization of wheat-alien translocations conferring resistance to diseases and pests current status. Euphytica. 1996;91:59-87. DOI 10.1007/BF00035277Gultyaeva E.I., Orina A.S., Gannibal Ph.B., Mitrofanova O.P., Odintsova I.G., Laikova L.I. The effectiveness of molecular markers for the identification of Lr28, Lr35, and Lr47 genes in common wheat. Russ. J. Genet. 2014;50(2):131-139. DOI 10.1134/S1022795414020069Gultyaeva E.I., Orina A.S., Gannibal Ph.B., Mitrofanova O.P., Odintsova I.G., Laikova L.I. The effectiveness of molecular markers for the identification of Lr28, Lr35, and Lr47 genes in common wheat. Russ. J. Genet. 2014;50(2):131-139. DOI 10.1134/S1022795414020069Gultyaeva E.I., Sibikeev S.N., Druzhin A.E., Shaydayuk E.L. Enlargement of genetic diversity of spring bread wheat resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) in Lower Volga region. Selskokhozyaystvennaya Biologiya = Agricultural Biology. 2020;55(1):27-44. DOI 10.15389/agrobiology.2020.1.27engGultyaeva E.I., Sibikeev S.N., Druzhin A.E., Shaydayuk E.L. Enlargement of genetic diversity of spring bread wheat resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) in Lower Volga region. Selskokhozyaystvennaya Biologiya = Agricultural Biology. 2020;55(1):27-44. DOI 10.15389/agrobiology.2020.1.27engGultyaeva E.I., Shaydayuk E.L., Gannibal P.B. Leaf rust resistance genes in wheat cultivars registered in Russia and their influence on adaptation processes in pathogen populations. Agriculture. 2021; 11(4):319. DOI 10.3390/agriculture11040319Gultyaeva E.I., Shaydayuk E.L., Gannibal P.B. Leaf rust resistance genes in wheat cultivars registered in Russia and their influence on adaptation processes in pathogen populations. Agriculture. 2021; 11(4):319. DOI 10.3390/agriculture11040319Gultyaeva E., Shaydayuk E., Kosman E. Virulence diversity of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in common wheat in Russian regions in 2019–2021. Agriculture. 2022;12(11):1957. DOI 10.3390/agriculture12111957Gultyaeva E., Shaydayuk E., Kosman E. Virulence diversity of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in common wheat in Russian regions in 2019–2021. Agriculture. 2022;12(11):1957. DOI 10.3390/agriculture12111957Jain S.K., Prashar M., Bhardwaj S.C., Singh S.B., Sharma Y.P. Emergence of virulence to Sr25 of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on wheat in India. Plant Dis. 2009;93(8):840. DOI 10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0840BJain S.K., Prashar M., Bhardwaj S.C., Singh S.B., Sharma Y.P. Emergence of virulence to Sr25 of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on wheat in India. Plant Dis. 2009;93(8):840. DOI 10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0840BJiang J., Gill B.S. Different species-specific chromosome translocation in Triticum timopheevii and T. turgidum support diphyletic origin of polyploid wheats. Chromosome Res. 1994;2(1):59-64. DOI 10.1007/BF01539455Jiang J., Gill B.S. Different species-specific chromosome translocation in Triticum timopheevii and T. turgidum support diphyletic origin of polyploid wheats. Chromosome Res. 1994;2(1):59-64. DOI 10.1007/BF01539455Jin Y., Singh R.P., Ward R.W., Wanyera R., Kinyua M., Njau P., Fetch T., Pretorius Z.A., Yahyaoui A. Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 2007;91(9):1096-1099. DOI 10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1096Jin Y., Singh R.P., Ward R.W., Wanyera R., Kinyua M., Njau P., Fetch T., Pretorius Z.A., Yahyaoui A. Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 2007;91(9):1096-1099. DOI 10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1096Kelbin V.N., Skolotneva E.S., Salina E.A. Challenges and prospects for developing genetic resistance in common wheat against stem rust in Western Siberia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2020;24(8):821-828. DOI 10.18699/VJ20.679 (in Russian)Kelbin V.N., Skolotneva E.S., Salina E.A. Challenges and prospects for developing genetic resistance in common wheat against stem rust in Western Siberia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2020;24(8):821-828. DOI 10.18699/VJ20.679 (in Russian)Klindworth D.L., Niu Z., Chao S., Friesen T.L., Faris J.D., Cai X., Xu S.S. Introgression and characterization of a goatgrass gene for a high level of resistance to Ug99 stem rust in tetraploid wheat. G3 (Bethesda). 2012;2(6):665-673. DOI 10.1534/g3.112.002386Klindworth D.L., Niu Z., Chao S., Friesen T.L., Faris J.D., Cai X., Xu S.S. Introgression and characterization of a goatgrass gene for a high level of resistance to Ug99 stem rust in tetraploid wheat. G3 (Bethesda). 2012;2(6):665-673. DOI 10.1534/g3.112.002386Knott D.R. The Wheat Rust – Breeding for Resistance. (Ser. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-83641-1Knott D.R. The Wheat Rust – Breeding for Resistance. (Ser. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-83641-1Laikova L.I., Belan I.A., Badaeva E.D., Rosseeva L.P., Shepelev S.S., Shumny V.K., Pershina L.A. Development and study of spring bread wheat variety Pamyati Maystrenko with introgression of genetic material from synthetic hexaploid Triticum timopheevii Zhuk.× Aegilops tauschii Coss. Russ. J. Genet. 2013;49(1):89-97. DOI 10.1134/S1022795413010067Laikova L.I., Belan I.A., Badaeva E.D., Rosseeva L.P., Shepelev S.S., Shumny V.K., Pershina L.A. Development and study of spring bread wheat variety Pamyati Maystrenko with introgression of genetic material from synthetic hexaploid Triticum timopheevii Zhuk.× Aegilops tauschii Coss. Russ. J. Genet. 2013;49(1):89-97. DOI 10.1134/S1022795413010067Lewis C.M., Persoons A., Bebber D.P., Kigathi R.N., Maintz J., Findlay K., Bueno-Sancho V., Corredor-Moreno P., Harrington S.A., Kangara N., Berlin A., García R., German S.E., Hanzalová A., Hodson D.P., Hovmøller M.S., Huerta-Espino J., Imtiaz M., Mirza J.I., Justesen A.F., Niks R.E., Omarani A., Patpour M., Pretorius Z.A., Roohparvar R., Sela H., Singh R.P., Steffenson B., Visser B., Fenwick P.M., Thomas J., Wulff B.B.H., Saunders D.G.O. Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom. Commun. Biol. 2018;1:13. DOI 10.1038/s42003-018-0013-yLewis C.M., Persoons A., Bebber D.P., Kigathi R.N., Maintz J., Findlay K., Bueno-Sancho V., Corredor-Moreno P., Harrington S.A., Kangara N., Berlin A., García R., German S.E., Hanzalová A., Hodson D.P., Hovmøller M.S., Huerta-Espino J., Imtiaz M., Mirza J.I., Justesen A.F., Niks R.E., Omarani A., Patpour M., Pretorius Z.A., Roohparvar R., Sela H., Singh R.P., Steffenson B., Visser B., Fenwick P.M., Thomas J., Wulff B.B.H., Saunders D.G.O. Potential for re-emergence of wheat stem rust in the United Kingdom. Commun. Biol. 2018;1:13. DOI 10.1038/s42003-018-0013-yMcIntosh R.A., Wellings C.R., Park R.F. Wheat Rusts: An atlas of resistant genes. CSIRO Publication, Collingwood, 1995. DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0083-0McIntosh R.A., Wellings C.R., Park R.F. Wheat Rusts: An atlas of resistant genes. CSIRO Publication, Collingwood, 1995. DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0083-0McIntosh R.A., Yamazaki Y., Dubcovsky J., Rogers W.J., Morris C., Appels R., Xia X.C. Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat. 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 8–13 September 2013. Yokohama, Japan, 2013. https://shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/macgene/2013/GeneCatalogueIntroduction.pdfMcIntosh R.A., Yamazaki Y., Dubcovsky J., Rogers W.J., Morris C., Appels R., Xia X.C. Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat. 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 8–13 September 2013. Yokohama, Japan, 2013. https://shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/macgene/2013/GeneCatalogueIntroduction.pdfMcIntosh R.A., Dubcovsky J., Rogers W.J., Xia X.C., Raupp W.J. Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat: 2022 Supplement. Annu. Wheat Newsl. 2022;68:68-81McIntosh R.A., Dubcovsky J., Rogers W.J., Xia X.C., Raupp W.J. Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat: 2022 Supplement. Annu. Wheat Newsl. 2022;68:68-81Murray M.G., Thompson W.F. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980;8(19):4321-4325. DOI 10.1093/nar/8.19.4321Murray M.G., Thompson W.F. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980;8(19):4321-4325. DOI 10.1093/nar/8.19.4321Olivera P.D., Pretorius Z.A., Badebo A., Jin Y. Identification of resistance to races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with broad virulence in triticale (×Triticosecale). Plant Dis. 2013;97:479-484. DOI 10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0459-REOlivera P.D., Pretorius Z.A., Badebo A., Jin Y. Identification of resistance to races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with broad virulence in triticale (×Triticosecale). Plant Dis. 2013;97:479-484. DOI 10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0459-REPatpour M., Hovmøller M.S., Rodriguez-Algaba J., Randazzo B., Villegas D., Shamanin V.P., Berlin A., Flath K., Czembor P., Hanzalova A., Sliková S., Skolotneva E.S., Jin Y., Szabo L., Meyer K.J.G., Valade R., Thach T., Hansen J.G., Justesen A.F. Wheat stem rust back in Europe: diversity, prevalence and impact on host resistance. Front. Plant Sci. 2022;13:882440. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.882440Patpour M., Hovmøller M.S., Rodriguez-Algaba J., Randazzo B., Villegas D., Shamanin V.P., Berlin A., Flath K., Czembor P., Hanzalova A., Sliková S., Skolotneva E.S., Jin Y., Szabo L., Meyer K.J.G., Valade R., Thach T., Hansen J.G., Justesen A.F. Wheat stem rust back in Europe: diversity, prevalence and impact on host resistance. Front. Plant Sci. 2022;13:882440. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.882440Peterson R.F., Campbell A.B., Hannah A.E. A diagrammatic scale for estimating rust intensity on leaves and stems of cereals. Can. J. Res. 1948;26(5):496-500. DOI 10.1139/cjr48c-033Peterson R.F., Campbell A.B., Hannah A.E. A diagrammatic scale for estimating rust intensity on leaves and stems of cereals. Can. J. Res. 1948;26(5):496-500. DOI 10.1139/cjr48c-033Prins R., Groenewald J.Z., Marais G.F., Snape J.W., Koebner R.M.D. AFLP and STS tagging of Lr19, a gene conferring resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2001;103(4):618-624. DOI 10.1007/PL00002918Prins R., Groenewald J.Z., Marais G.F., Snape J.W., Koebner R.M.D. AFLP and STS tagging of Lr19, a gene conferring resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2001;103(4):618-624. DOI 10.1007/PL00002918Rayburn A.L., Gill B.S. Isolation of a D-genome specific repeated DNA sequence from Aegilops squarrosa. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1986;4(2):104-109. DOI 10.1007/BF02732107Rayburn A.L., Gill B.S. Isolation of a D-genome specific repeated DNA sequence from Aegilops squarrosa. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1986;4(2):104-109. DOI 10.1007/BF02732107Ruban A.S., Badaeva E.D. Evolution of the S-genomes in TriticumAegilops alliance: evidences from chromosome analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 2018;9:1756. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2018.01756Ruban A.S., Badaeva E.D. Evolution of the S-genomes in TriticumAegilops alliance: evidences from chromosome analysis. Front. Plant Sci. 2018;9:1756. DOI 10.3389/fpls.2018.01756Salina E.A., Pestsova E.G., Vershinin A.V. “Spelt1” a novel family of tandemly repeated DNA in cereals. Russ. J. Genet. 1997;33(4): 352-357Salina E.A., Pestsova E.G., Vershinin A.V. “Spelt1” a novel family of tandemly repeated DNA in cereals. Russ. J. Genet. 1997;33(4): 352-357Salina E.A., Adonina I.G., Vatolina T.Y., Kurata N. Comparative analysis of the composition and organization of two subtelomeric repeat families in Aegilops speltoides Tausch and related species. Genetica. 2004;122(3):227-237. DOI 10.1007/s10709-004-5602-7Salina E.A., Adonina I.G., Vatolina T.Y., Kurata N. Comparative analysis of the composition and organization of two subtelomeric repeat families in Aegilops speltoides Tausch and related species. Genetica. 2004;122(3):227-237. DOI 10.1007/s10709-004-5602-7Salina E.A., Lim Y.K., Badaeva E.D., Scherban A.B., Adonina I.G., Amosova A.V., Samatadze T.E., Vatolina T.Y., Zoshchuk S.A., Leitch A. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Aegilops section Sitopsis and the evolution of tandem repeats in the diploids and derived wheat polyploids. Genome. 2006;49(8):1023-1035. DOI 10.1139/g06-050Salina E.A., Lim Y.K., Badaeva E.D., Scherban A.B., Adonina I.G., Amosova A.V., Samatadze T.E., Vatolina T.Y., Zoshchuk S.A., Leitch A. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Aegilops section Sitopsis and the evolution of tandem repeats in the diploids and derived wheat polyploids. Genome. 2006;49(8):1023-1035. DOI 10.1139/g06-050Schneider A., Linc G., Molnar-Lang M. Fluorescence in situ hybridization polymorphism using two repetitive DNA clones in different cultivars of wheat. Plant Breed. 2003;122(5):396-400. DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00891.xSchneider A., Linc G., Molnar-Lang M. Fluorescence in situ hybridization polymorphism using two repetitive DNA clones in different cultivars of wheat. Plant Breed. 2003;122(5):396-400. DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00891.xSchubert I., Shi F., Fuchs J., Endo T.R. An efficient screening for terminal deletions and translocations of barley chromosomes added to common wheat. Plant J. 1998;14(4):489-495. DOI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00125.xSchubert I., Shi F., Fuchs J., Endo T.R. An efficient screening for terminal deletions and translocations of barley chromosomes added to common wheat. Plant J. 1998;14(4):489-495. DOI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00125.xShamanin V.P., Morgunov A.I., Chursin A.S., Merkeshina N.N., Shtubey T.Yu., Levshunov M.A., Karakoz I.I. Does stem rust pose a threat to the wheat harvest in Western Siberia. Uspekhi Sovremennogo Estestvoznaniya = Advances in Current Natural Sciences. 2011;2:56-60 (in Russian)Shamanin V.P., Morgunov A.I., Chursin A.S., Merkeshina N.N., Shtubey T.Yu., Levshunov M.A., Karakoz I.I. Does stem rust pose a threat to the wheat harvest in Western Siberia. Uspekhi Sovremennogo Estestvoznaniya = Advances in Current Natural Sciences. 2011;2:56-60 (in Russian)Singh S.J., Mclntosh R.A. Allelism of two genes for stem rust resistance in triticale. Euphytica. 1988;38:185-189. DOI 10.1007/BF00040190Singh S.J., Mclntosh R.A. Allelism of two genes for stem rust resistance in triticale. Euphytica. 1988;38:185-189. DOI 10.1007/BF00040190Skolotneva E.S., Kelbin V.N., Shamanin V.P., Boyko N.I., Aparina V.A., Salina E.A. The gene Sr38 for bread wheat breeding in Western Siberia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2021;25(7):740-745. DOI 10.18699/VJ21.084Skolotneva E.S., Kelbin V.N., Shamanin V.P., Boyko N.I., Aparina V.A., Salina E.A. The gene Sr38 for bread wheat breeding in Western Siberia. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2021;25(7):740-745. DOI 10.18699/VJ21.084Vasilova N.Z., Askhadullin Dam.F., Askhadullin Dan.F. Stem rust epiphytotic on soft spring wheat in Tatarstan. Zashchita i Karantin Rasteniy = Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2017;2:27-28 (in Russian)Vasilova N.Z., Askhadullin Dam.F., Askhadullin Dan.F. Stem rust epiphytotic on soft spring wheat in Tatarstan. Zashchita i Karantin Rasteniy = Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2017;2:27-28 (in Russian)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.