vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-24-47vavilov-4184Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХANIMAL GENETICSИстория, современное состояние и генетическая характеристика локальных пород крупного рогатого скота Республики КазахстанHistory, status and genetic characteristics of native cattle breeds from the Republic of Kazakhstanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2211-0377ХамзинаА. К.KhamzinaA. K.

Алматы

Almaty

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2239-6902ЮрченкоА. А.YurchenkoA. A.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-5554ЮдинН. С.YudinN. S.

Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-3396ИбрагимовП. Ш.IbragimovP. Sh.

Алматы

Almaty

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9508-4179УсенбековЕ. С.UssenbekovY. S.

Алматы

Almaty

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7859-6201ЛаркинД. М.LarkinD. M.

Лондон

London

dmlarkin@gmail.comКазахский национальный аграрный исследовательский университетКазахстанKazakh National Agrarian Research UniversityKazakhstanФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationКоролевский ветеринарный колледж, Университет ЛондонаВеликобританияRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonUnited Kingdom202411072024284416423Copyright © Хамзина А.К., Юрченко А.А., Юдин Н.С., Ибрагимов П.Ш., Усенбеков Е.С., Ларкин Д.М., 20242024Хамзина А.К., Юрченко А.А., Юдин Н.С., Ибрагимов П.Ш., Усенбеков Е.С., Ларкин Д.М.Khamzina A.K., Yurchenko A.A., Yudin N.S., Ibragimov P.S., Ussenbekov Y.S., Larkin D.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4184

В этой работе мы представляем обзор истории происхождения, текущего состояния и генетических особенностей пород крупного рогатого скота (КРС) Казахстана. Отражена информация о современном состоянии разведения, в том числе о пяти наиболее популярных локальных породах – казахской белоголовой, аулиекольской, алатауской, аулиеатинской и калмыцкой, в рамках их производственной и экономической значимости. Приведен обзор генетических исследований по этим породам, направленных на выявление их уникальных характеристик, генетического разнообразия и генов, находящихся под давлением отбора, а также ДНК-маркеров экономически важных и продуктивных признаков казахстанских пород КРС. Представлены также оригинальные данные по особенностям генетической структуры казахской белоголовой и алатауской пород на основе результатов полногеномного генотипирования однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов. Описаны уникальные генетические компоненты, характеризующие эти породы КРС Казахстана, и проведено их сравнение с генетической структурой популяций этих же и других пород из Российской Федерации. Структурный анализ показал, что казахская белоголовая порода содержит генетические компоненты герефордской и калмыцкой пород, а также алтайского скота. Алатауская порода имеет композитную структуру и содержит компоненты бурой швицкой, браунви, калмыцкой и голштинской пород. Результаты демонстрируют генетическое разнообразие и особенности пород КРС Казахстана, развитие и текущее состояние скотоводства в стране, а также подчеркивают необходимость более детальных исследований для выявления генетических маркеров адаптации и экономически важных признаков местных пород.

This work provides a comprehensive review of the history, status, and genetic characteristics of cattle breeds in Kazakhstan. The current breeding status is analysed, including information on popular breeds such as Kazakh whiteheaded, Auliekol, Alatau, Aulieata, and Kalmyk, their production and economic significance. An overview of genetic studies using DNA fingerprinting, microsatellites, and SNPs aimed at identifying unique characteristics, genetic diversity, and genes under selection, as well as markers of economically important and productive traits of Kazakh cattle breeds, is also provided. The study examined the genetic structure of the Kazakh white-headed and Alatau breeds based on whole-genome SNP genotyping. Unique genetic components characterizing Kazakhstan cattle breeds were described, and comparisons were made with genetic data from other breeds. Structural analysis showed that the Kazakh white-headed breed contains genetic components of the Hereford, Kalmyk, and Altai cattle. The Alatau breed has a composite structure, containing components of the Brown Swiss, Braunvieh, Kalmyk, and Holstein breeds. The results not only reveal the genetic diversity and characteristics of cattle breeds in Kazakhstan and the historical development and current state of animal husbandry in the country, but also emphasize the importance of further research to identify adaptive and unique genetic markers affecting economically important traits of local breeds.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.