vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-24-60vavilov-4235Research ArticleУСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ РАСТЕНИЙ К СТРЕССОВЫМ ФАКТОРАМRESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO STRESS FACTORSИспользование генетического потенциала родов Thinopyrum и Agropyron для защиты пшеницы от болезней и абиотических стрессовExploitation of the genetic potential of Thinopyrum and Agropyron genera to protect wheat from diseases and environmental stresseshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-9870ПлотниковаЛ. Я.PlotnikovaL. Ya.

Омск

Omsk

lya.plotnikova@omgau.orghttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3035-0629КнаубВ. В.KnaubV. V.

Омск

Omsk

Омский государственный аграрный университет им. П.А. СтолыпинаРоссияOmsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. StolypinRussian Federation202402092024285536553Copyright © Плотникова Л.Я., Кнауб В.В., 20242024Плотникова Л.Я., Кнауб В.В.Plotnikova L.Y., Knaub V.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4235

Мягкая пшеница – одна из важнейших продовольственных культур в мире. Сборы ее зерна можно увеличить, сократив потери от болезней и стрессов окружающей среды. Третичный генофонд, включая виды рода Thinopyrum, является ценным ресурсом для увеличения генетического разнообразия и повышения устойчивости пшеницы к грибным заболеваниям и абиотическим стрессам. Отдаленная гибридизация между пшеницей и Thinopyrum spp. была начата в 1920-х гг. в России и позднее продолжена в разных странах. Основные результаты получены с использованием видов Th. ponticum и Th. intermedium. Дополнительно был создан интрогрессивный материал на основе видов Th. elongatum, Th. bessarabicum, Th. junceiforme, Agropyron cristatum.

В статье приведен обзор результатов применения генетического материала видов рода Thinopyrum для повышения устойчивости пшеницы к болезням (бурой, стеблевой и желтой ржавчине, мучнистой росе, фузариозу колоса и септориозным пятнистостям) и абиотическим стрессам (засухе, экстремальным температурам и засолению). Описаны подходы к улучшению агрономических свойств интрогрессивного селекционного материала (применение радиации, ph-мутантов и компенсирующих робертсоновских транслокаций). Проанализирован опыт длительной защиты пшеницы от листовой и стеблевой ржавчины в мире с помощью ряда генов третичного генофонда. Вид Th. ponticum является нехозяином для Puccinia triticina (Ptr) и P. graminis f. sp. tritici(Pgt) и подавляет развитие ржавчинных грибов на поверхности растений. Образцы пшеницы с пырейными генами Lr19, Lr38, Sr24, Sr25 и Sr26 проявляют защитные механизмы, сходные с механизмами нехозяев, что приводит к нарушению развития поверхностных инфекционных структур и гибели грибов при попытке внедрения в устьица (прегаусториальная устойчивость или устьичный иммунитет). Очевидно, изменение химических свойств поверхностных структур рас, вирулентных к Lr19, Lr24, Sr24, Sr25 и Sr26, приводит к снижению их приспособленности к среде, что влияет на длительность устойчивости сортов к ржавчинным болезням. Чужеродные гены с аналогичным эффектом представляют интерес для селекции сортов с длительной устойчивостью к ржавчинным заболеваниям, а также конструирования культуры с помощью молекулярных технологий.

Common wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world. Grain harvests can be increased by reducing losses from diseases and environmental stresses. The tertiary gene pool, including Thinopyrum spp., is a valuable resource for increasing genetic diversity and wheat resistance to fungal diseases and abiotic stresses. Distant hybridization between wheat and Thinopyrum spp. began in the 1920s in Russia, and later continued in different countries. The main results were obtained using the species Th. ponticum and Th. intermedium. Additionally, introgression material was created based on Th. elongatum, Th. bessarabicum, Th. junceiforme, Agropyron cristatum. The results of introgression for resistance to diseases (leaf, stem, and stripe rusts; powdery mildew; Fusarium head blight; and Septoria blotch) and abiotic stresses (drought, extreme temperatures, and salinity) to wheat was reviewed. Approaches to improving the agronomic properties of introgression breeding material (the use of irradiation, ph-mutants and compensating Robertsonian translocations) were described. The experience of long-term use in the world of a number of genes from the tertiary gene pool in protecting wheat from leaf and stem rust was observed. Th. ponticum is a nonhost for Puccinia triticina (Ptr) and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) and suppresses the development of rust fungi on the plant surface. Wheat samples with the tall wheatgrass genes Lr19, Lr38, Sr24, Sr25 and Sr26 showed defence mechanisms similar to nonhosts resistance. Their influence led to disruption of the development of surface infection structures and fungal death when trying to penetrate the stomata (prehaustorial resistance or stomatal immunity). Obviously, a change in the chemical properties of fungal surface structures of races virulent to Lr19, Lr24, Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 leads to a decrease in their adaptability to the environment. This possibly determined the durable resistance of cultivars to leaf and stem rusts in different regions. Alien genes with a similar effect are of interest for breeding cultivars with durable resistance to rust diseases and engineering crops with the help of molecular technologies.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.